A halogen addition reaction is a simple organic reaction where a halogen molecule is added to the carbon–carbon double bond of an alkene functional group.
The general chemical formula of the halogen addition reaction is:
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Carbon–carbon double bond in the context of Pyrimidine dimer
Main article: Pyrimidine
A pyrimidine dimer is a type of molecular lesion that arises when adjacent thymine or cytosine bases are bonded together in an atypical way, often as a result of a photochemical reaction. Ultraviolet light (UV), particularly UVC, often causes this direct DNA damage, causing the formation of covalent bonds near the nucleotides' carbon–carbon double bonds. The resulting photo-coupled dimers are fluorescent, and are commonly classified as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6–4 photoproducts. These pre-mutagenic lesions modify the DNA helix structure by distorting it.
Carbon–carbon double bond in the context of Lipid peroxidation
Lipid peroxidation, or lipid oxidation, is a complex chemical process that leads to oxidative degradation of lipids, resulting in the formation of peroxide and hydroperoxide derivatives. It occurs when free radicals, specifically reactive oxygen species (ROS), interact with lipids within cell membranes, typically polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as they have carbon–carbon double bonds. This reaction leads to the formation of lipid radicals, collectively referred to as lipid peroxides or lipid oxidation products (LOPs), which in turn react with other oxidizing agents, leading to a chain reaction that results in oxidative stress and cell damage.
In pathology and medicine, lipid peroxidation plays a role in cell damage which has broadly been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases and disease states, including ageing, whereas in food science lipid peroxidation is one of many pathways to rancidity.