State_organisation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire

⭐ Core Definition: State organisation of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire developed over the years as a despotism with the Sultan as the supreme ruler of a centralized government that had an effective control of its provinces, officials and inhabitants. Wealth and rank could be inherited but were just as often earned. Positions were perceived as titles, such as viziers and aghas. Military service was a key to many problems.

The expansion of the Empire called for a systematic administrative organization that developed into a dual system of military ("Central Government") and civil administration ("Provincial System") and developed a kind of separation of powers: higher executive functions were carried out by the military authorities and judicial and basic administration were carried out by civil authorities. Outside this system were various types of vassal and tributary states. Most of the areas ruled by the Ottomans were explicitly mentioned in the official full style of the sultan, including various lofty titles adopted to emphasize imperial rank and show the empire as being "successor-in-law" to conquered states.

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👉 State organisation of the Ottoman Empire in the context of Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856

The Imperial Reform Edict (Ottoman Turkish: اصلاحات خط همايونى, Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu; Modern Turkish: Islâhat Fermânı) was an 18 February 1856 edict of the Ottoman government and part of the Tanzimat reforms. The decree from Ottoman Sultan Abdulmejid I promised equality in education, government appointments, and administration of justice to all regardless of creed. The decree is often seen as a result of the influence of France and Britain, which assisted the Ottoman Empire against the Russians during the Crimean War (1853–1856) and the Treaty of Paris (1856) which ended the war.

Hatt-ı Hümayun was a promise by the Sultan to his citizens, subjects. The Sultan promised to be held responsible for the constitution of the "Provincial Councils" and "Communal Councils" and the fairness of this process and the results. In matters concerning all the subjects of the State (related with Hatt-ı Hümayun), the spiritual leader of every congregation, along with its official appointed for one year by the government, will participate in the negotiations of the Supreme Council of Judicial Ordinances, a law court established in 1837 to deal with cases of high officials. The sultan also promised freedom to vote in the councils.

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⭐ Core Definition: State organisation of the Ottoman Empire
👉 State organisation of the Ottoman Empire in the context of Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856
State organisation of the Ottoman Empire in the context of Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire

State organisation of the Ottoman Empire in the context of Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire

The administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire were administrative divisions of the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire. Outside this system were various types of vassal and tributary states.

The Ottoman Empire was first subdivided into provinces, in the sense of fixed territorial units with governors appointed by the sultan, in the late 14th century. The beylerbey, or governor, of each province was appointed by the central government. Sanjaks (banners) were governed by sanjak-beys, selected from the high military ranks by the central government. Beylerbeyis had authority over all the sancakbeyis in a region. Kaza was a subdivision of sancak and referred to the basic administrative district, governed by a kadi.

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State organisation of the Ottoman Empire in the context of "Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856"

⭐ In the context of the Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856, what specific aspect of governance did Sultan Abdulmejid I pledge to oversee regarding newly formed councils?

⭐ Core Definition: State organisation of the Ottoman Empire

👉 State organisation of the Ottoman Empire in the context of Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856

State organisation of the Ottoman Empire in the context of Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire