Physics beyond the Standard Model in the context of "Standard Model"

⭐ In the context of the Standard Model, Physics beyond the Standard Model is considered necessary because the Standard Model…

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⭐ Core Definition: Physics beyond the Standard Model

Physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) refers to the theoretical developments needed to explain the deficiencies of the Standard Model, such as the inability to explain the fundamental parameters of the Standard Model, the strong CP problem, neutrino oscillations, matter–antimatter asymmetry, and the nature of dark matter and dark energy. Another problem lies within the mathematical framework of the Standard Model itself: the Standard Model is inconsistent with that of general relativity, and one or both theories break down under certain conditions, such as spacetime singularities like the Big Bang and black hole event horizons.

Theories that lie beyond the Standard Model include various extensions of the standard model through supersymmetry, such as the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) and Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (NMSSM), and entirely novel explanations, such as string theory, M-theory, and extra dimensions. As these theories tend to reproduce the entirety of current phenomena, the question of which theory is the right one, or at least the "best step" towards a Theory of Everything, can only be settled via experiments, and is one of the most active areas of research in both theoretical and experimental physics.

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👉 Physics beyond the Standard Model in the context of Standard Model

The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles. It was developed in stages throughout the latter half of the 20th century, through the work of many scientists worldwide, with the current formulation being finalized in the mid-1970s upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks. Since then, proof of the top quark (1995), the tau neutrino (2000), and the Higgs boson (2012) have added further credence to the Standard Model. In addition, the Standard Model has predicted various properties of weak neutral currents and the W and Z bosons with great accuracy.

Although the Standard Model is believed to be theoretically self-consistent and has demonstrated some success in providing experimental predictions, it leaves some physical phenomena unexplained and so falls short of being a complete theory of fundamental interactions. For example, it does not fully explain why there is more matter than anti-matter, incorporate the full theory of gravitation as described by general relativity, or account for the universe's accelerating expansion as possibly described by dark energy. The model does not contain any viable dark matter particle that possesses all of the required properties deduced from observational cosmology. It also does not incorporate neutrino oscillations and their non-zero masses.

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Physics beyond the Standard Model in the context of Baryon number

In particle physics, the baryon number (B) is an additive quantum number of a system. It is defined aswhere ⁠⁠ is the number of quarks, and ⁠⁠ is the number of antiquarks. Baryons (three quarks) have B = +1, mesons (one quark, one antiquark) have B = 0, and antibaryons (three antiquarks) have B = −1. Exotic hadrons like pentaquarks (four quarks, one antiquark) and tetraquarks (two quarks, two antiquarks) are also classified as baryons and mesons depending on their baryon number. In the Standard Model B conservation is an accidental symmetry which means that it appears in the Standard Model but is often violated when going beyond it. Physics beyond the Standard Model theories that contain baryon number violation are, for example, Standard Model with extra dimensions, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theory and String theory.

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LINKED FROM (PARENTS)
← Standard Model ← Baryon number ← Standard model of particle physics ← Quark number ← Conservation of baryon number
LINKS TO (CHILDREN)
Standard Model → Strong CP problem → Neutrino oscillation → Baryon asymmetry → Dark matter → Dark energy → Quantum field theory → General relativity → Gravitational singularity → Big Bang → Black hole → Event horizon → Supersymmetry → Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model → Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model → String theory → M-theory → Extra dimensions → Theory of Everything → Theoretical physics → Experimental physics →