Personalism is an intellectual stance that emphasizes the importance of the human person. Personalism exists in many different versions, and this makes it somewhat difficult to define as a philosophical and theological movement. Friedrich Schleiermacher first used the term personalism (German: Personalismus) in print in 1799. One can trace the concept back to earlier thinkers in various parts of the world.
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👉 Personalism in the context of Ngo Dinh Diem
Ngô Đình Diệm (/djɛm/ dyem, /ˈjiːəm/ YEE-əm or /ziːm/ zeem; Vietnamese: [ŋō ɗìn jîəmˀ] ; 3 January 1901 – 2 November 1963) was a South Vietnamese politician who was the final prime minister of the State of Vietnam (1954–1955) and later the first president of South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) from 1955 until his capture and assassination during the CIA-backed 1963 coup d'état.
Diệm was born into a prominent Catholic family with his father, Ngô Đình Khả, being a high-ranking mandarin for Emperor Thành Thái during the French colonial era. Diệm was educated at French-speaking schools and considered following his brother Ngô Đình Thục into the priesthood, but eventually chose to pursue a career in the civil service. He progressed rapidly in the court of Emperor Bảo Đại, becoming governor of Bình Thuận Province in 1929 and interior minister in 1933. However, he resigned from the latter position after three months and publicly denounced the emperor as a tool of France. Diệm came to support Vietnamese nationalism, promoting both anti-communism, in opposition to Ho Chi Minh, and decolonization, in opposition to Bảo Đại. He established the Cần Lao Party to support his political doctrine of Person Dignity Theory, which was a blend of the philosophies of Personalism, especially as understood by French philosopher Emmanuel Mounier, and of Confucianism, which Diệm and his father had greatly admired. Diệm supported the Confucian concept of "Mandate of Heaven", and wished to make it the basis of political theory that would emerge in Vietnam.
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Personalism in the context of Young Hegelians
The Young Hegelians (German: Junghegelianer), later known as the Left Hegelians (German: Linkshegelianer), were a group of German intellectuals who were active from the late 1830s to the mid-1840s. Their thought represented a radicalization of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's philosophy, moving from the analysis of religion to critiques of politics and society that laid the groundwork for socialism and Marxism. A central feature of their work was a critique of what they saw as the intertwined religious, philosophical, and political dogmas of "personalism". The collapse of Hegelian philosophy in the face of political and social realities led the Young Hegelians to formulate the first modern theory of ideology—the idea that abstract thought functions as a justification for or compensation for a deficient social reality.
Centered at the University of Berlin, the group initially focused on theological questions, galvanized by David Strauss's controversial book The Life of Jesus (1835), which treated the Gospels as mythological expressions of the early Christian community's consciousness rather than as historical fact. This led to a split in the Hegelian school between the conservative "Right Hegelians" who defended the compatibility of Hegel's philosophy with orthodox Christianity and the radical "Young Hegelians" who drew increasingly atheistic and anti-religious conclusions.