Legionary in the context of "Heavy infantry"

The Roman legion (Latin: legiō, Latin: [ˈɫɛɡioː]) was the largest military unit of the Roman army, composed of Roman citizens serving as legionaries. During the Roman Republic the manipular legion comprised 4,200 infantry and 300 cavalry. In late Republican times the legions were formed of 5,200 men and were restructured around 10 cohorts, the first cohort being double strength. This structure persisted throughout the Principate and middle Empire, before further changes in the fourth century resulted in new formations of around 1,000 men.

An aquila (Classical Latin: [ˈakᶣɪla]; lit. 'eagle') was a prominent symbol used in ancient Rome, especially as the standard of a Roman legion. A legionary known as an aquilifer, the "eagle-bearer", carried this standard. Each legion carried one eagle. It represents the Eagle of Jove (Aëtos), being Jove the "Father of the Roman state".

The eagle had quasi-religious importance to the Roman soldier, far beyond being merely a symbol of his legion. To lose a standard was seen as extremely grave, shameful and dishonorable, and the Roman military went to great lengths both to protect a standard and to recover one if it were to be lost. For example, after the annihilation of three legions in the Teutoburg Forest, the Romans spent decades retaliating for the defeat while also attempting to recover the three lost eagles.

Isca, variously specified as Isca Augusta or Isca Silurum, was the site of a Roman legionary fortress and settlement or vicus, the remains of which lie beneath parts of the present-day suburban town of Caerleon in the north of the city of Newport in South Wales. The site includes Caerleon Amphitheatre and is protected by Cadw.

Headquarters of the Legion "II Augusta", which took part in the invasion under Emperor Claudius in 43, Isca is uniquely important for the study of the conquest, pacification and colonisation of Britannia by the Roman army. It was one of only three permanent legionary fortresses in later Roman Britain and, unlike the other sites at Chester and York, its archaeological remains lie relatively undisturbed beneath fields and the town of Caerleon and provide a unique opportunity to study the Roman legions in Britain. Excavations continue to unearth new discoveries; in the late 20th century a complex of very large monumental buildings outside the fortress between the River Usk and the amphitheatre was uncovered. This new area of the canabae was previously unknown.

This is a list of Roman army units and bureaucrats.

• Accensus – Light infantry men in the armies of the early Roman Republic, made up of the poorest men of the army.
• Actuarius – A soldier charged with distributing pay and provisions.
• Adiutor – A camp or headquarters adjutant or assistant.
• Aeneator – Military musician such as a bugler
• Agrimensor – A surveyor (a type of immunes).
• Antesignano – Supposedly a light infantry unit of legionaries who were used for protection of marching columns and to provide security to legions.
• Aquilifer – Bearer of the legionary eagle.
• Ala – a military formation composed of conscripts from the Italian military allies.
• Alaris – A cavalryman serving in an ala.
• Auxilia – were introduced as non-citizen troops attached to the citizen legions by Augustus after his reorganisation of the Imperial Roman army from 30 BC.
• Architecti – An engineer or artillery constructor.
• Armicustos – A soldier tasked with the administration and supply of weapons and equipment. A quartermaster.
• Ballistarius – An artillery operator (a type of immunes).
• Beneficiarius – A soldier performing an extraordinary task such as military policing or a special assignment.
• Bucellarii – were formations of escort troops.
• Bucinator – A trumpeter or bugler.
• Cacula – Servant or slave of a soldier.
• Capsarior – A medical orderly.
• Causarius – A soldier discharged for wounds or other medical reasons.
• Celeres - A royal guard created by Romulus to guard the King of Rome.
• Centurion – Officer rank, generally one per 80 soldiers, in charge of a centuria.
• Clinicus – A medic.
• Cohors amicorum – Military staff company functioning as suite and bodyguard of a high Roman official.
• Comes – commanders of comitatenses. The authority of a comes was limited to his assigned territory. This title later evolved to the medieval title of Count.
• Comes stabuli – An office responsible for the horses and pack animals.
• Comitatenses – units of the field armies of the late empire. They were the soldiers that replaced the legionaries.
• Cornicen – A bugler.
• Doctor – A trainer, subdivisions for everything from weapons to horn blowing.
• Draconarius – Bearer of a cavalry standard.
• Decurion – Leader of a troop of cavalry (14-30 men). Not to be confused with decanus.
• Decanus – Leader of a contubernium (a legionary tent group of 8 men). Elected by the members of the contubernium.
• Discens – Miles (enlisted soldier) in training for an immunis position.
• Duplarius – A soldier issued double pay, such as an Optio or a minor cavalry officer as part of a Turma
• Dux – A general in charge of two or more legions. In the Third Century AD, an officer with a regional command transcending provincial boundaries, responsible directly to the emperor alone, usually appointed on a temporary basis in a grave emergency. In the fourth century AD, an officer in charge of a section of the frontier answering to the Magister Militum. Later developed into the medieval title Duke.
• Duumviri navales – Two men elected to equip and repair the Roman navy.
• Equites singulares Augusti – Elite cavalry unit tasked to guard the Roman Emperors. Usually commanded by a tribunus of praetorian rank.
• Evocatus – "One who is called back." A soldier who had served out his time and obtained his discharge (missio), but had voluntarily enlisted again at the invitation of the consul or other commander.
• Evocatus Augusti – Praetorian Guard who had served out his time and obtained his discharge (missio), but had voluntarily enlisted again.
• Equites – Roman cavalry. Those citizens whose personal wealth was sufficient to own and equip a horse for cavalry, later evolved into a socioeconomic distinction unrelated to military service.
• Foederati – For groups of "barbarian" mercenaries of various sizes who were typically allowed to settle within the empire after service in the imperial army. Foederati, unlike auxilia which were commanded by Roman officers, and enlisted under the promise of obtaining Roman citizenship after completing their term of service of 20 to 25 years, were enlisted as an entire tribal unit, serving under native commanders, and not eligible to receive citizenship. Originally paid in money, but as the finances of the Late Empire declined, service in exchange for land became the norm. The sack of Rome in the 5th century by Vandals and Ostrogoths were precipitated by the Senate's failure to pay foederati as promised after their military service. The system of land tenure established by the settlement of foederati, whose leaders were granted territories as their personal property, developed into the medieval system of feudalism.
• Frumentarii – Officials of the Roman Empire during the 2nd and 3rd era. Often used as a Secret Service, mostly operating in uniform.
• Hastatus – The youngest of the heavy infantry in the pre-Marian armies, who were less well-equipped than the older Principes and Triarii. These formed the first line of battle in front of the Principes.
• Hastatus Prior – A centurion commanding a manipulus or centuria of hastati. A high-ranking officer within a manipulus or centuria.
• Hastatus Posterior – A deputy to the hastatus prior
• Hastiliarius – A weapons instructor.
• Imaginifer – A standard-bearer carrying the imago – the standard which bore a likeness of the emperor, and, at later dates, his family.
• Immunes – Soldiers who were "immune" from combat duty and fatigues through having a more specialist role within the army.
• Jovians and Herculians – A senior palatine units
• Katepano – A Byzantine military rank or military official.
• Laeti – was a term used in the late empire to denote communities of foreigners permitted to settle on, and granted land in, imperial territory on condition that they provide recruits for the Roman military.
• Legatus legionis – A legion commander of senatorial rank; literally the "deputy" of the emperor, who was the titular commander-in-chief.
• Limitanei – A unit of frontier districts.
• Legatus pro praetore – Provincial governor of senatorial rank with multiple legions under his command.
• Legionary – The heavy infantry that was the basic military force of the ancient Roman army in the period of the late Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire.
• Magister militum - High ranked commander in the late Roman Empire. Equivalent of a general.
• Medicus – Physician or combat medic. Specializations included surgery (medicus vulnerarius), ophthalmology (medicus ocularius), and also veterinary (medicus veterinarius). At least some held rank equivalent to a centurion.
• Megas doux – Commander-in-chief of the Byzantine navy.
• Miles or Miles Gregarius – The basic private level foot soldier.
• Numerus – A unit of foreign allies not integrated into the regular army structure. Later, a unit of border forces.
• Numerus Batavorum – was a personal, imperial guards unit for the Roman emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (30 BC – AD 68) composed of Germanic soldiers.
• Optio – One per century as second-in-command to the centurion. Could also fill several other specialized roles on an ad hoc basis.
• Palatini – were elite units of the late army.
• Pedites – The infantry of the early army of the Roman kingdom. The majority of the army in this period.
• Peditatus – A term referring to any infantryman in the Roman Empire.
• Pilus Prior – Senior centurion of a cohort.
• Pilus Posterior – Deputy to the pilus prior.
• Praefectus Castrorum – Camp prefect, third-in-command of the legion, also responsible for maintaining the camp, equipment, and supplies. Usually a former primus pilus.
• Praefectus Cohortis - Commander of a cohort.
• Praefectus legionis agens vice legati – Equestrian officer given the command of a legion in the absence of a senatorial legatus. After the removal of senators from military command, the title of a legionary commander. ("...agens vice legati, dropped in later Third Century")
• Praetorians – A special force of bodyguards used by Roman Emperors.
• Praetorian prefect – Commander of the Praetorians.
• Primani – was a legio palatina, active in the 4th and 5th century.
• Primicerius – was a rank junior to the tribunus and senior to the senator.
• Primus Ordinis – The commanding officer of each centuria in the first cohort with the exception of the first centuria of the cohort.
• Primus Pilus (literally 'first file' ) – The centurion commanding the first cohort and the senior centurion of the entire Legion.
• Princeps – Pre-Marian soldier, initially equipped with the Hasta spear, but later with the pilum, these men formed the second line of battle behind the Hastati in the pre-Marian armies. They were also chieftains in Briton like Dumnorix of the Regneses (he was killed by Gaius Salvius Liberalis' soldiers).
• Princeps Prior – A centurion commanding a century of principes.
• Princeps Posterior – A deputy to the princeps prior.
• Principales – A group of ranks, including aquilifer, signifer, optio, and tesserarius. Similar to modern NCOs (Non-commissioned officers).
• Protectores Augusti Nostri (a.k.a. Protectores Divini Lateris) – Honorific title for senior officers singled out for their loyalty to the Emperor and soldierly qualities. The protectores were an order of honor rather than a military unit. The order first appeared in the mid-200s AD.
• Quaestionarius – An interrogator or torturer.
• Retentus – A soldier kept in service after serving required term.
• Rorarii – The final line, or reserve, in the ancient pre-Marius Roman army. These were removed even before the so-called "Marian reforms", as the Triarii provided a very sturdy anchor.
• Sagittarii – Archers, including horse-riding auxiliary archers recruited mainly in North Africa, Balkans, and later the Eastern Empire.
• Salararius – A soldier enjoying special service conditions or hired as a mercenary.
• Scholae – was used in the late Roman Empire to signify a unit of Imperial Guards.
• Scholae Palatinae – An elite troop of soldiers created by the Emperor Constantine the Great to provide personal protection of the Emperor and his immediate family.
• Scorpionarius – An artilleryman operating a scorpio artillery piece.
• Sesquiplicarii – A soldier issued one-and-a-half times pay, such as a Tesserarius or a minor cavalry officer as part of a Turma
• Signifer – Standard bearer of the Roman Legion.
• Simplares - A soldier paid standard pay; a regular legionaire or somebody paid the equivalent
• Socii – Troops from allied states in the pre-Marian army before the Social War (91–88 BC)
• Speculatores and Exploratores – The scouts and reconnaissance element of the Roman army.
• Supernumerarii – Supernumerary soldiers who served to fill the places of those who were killed or disabled by their wounds. Also used for the cavalry contingent of a legion during the Principate, who despite being included on the cohort lists, camped separate to the infantry.
• Strategos - General and military governor of a theme in the Byzantine Empire.
• Stratelates – A Greek translation for the rank of magister militum that was used in the late Roman and Byzantine armies.
• Stratopedarches – A term originally used to refer to a Roman camp prefect, it was later used for a Roman or Byzantine general or a Byzantine commander-in-chief.
• Tablifer – A standard-bearer for the guard cavalry.
• Tesserarius – Guard commander, one per centuria.
• Tirones – A basic trainee.
• Torquati - A soldier issued with a golden collar in reward for bravery or valor. Depending on circumstances, they may also be rewarded with double pay, making them Torquato Duplares
• Triarii – Spearmen of the pre-Marian armies, equipped with the Hasta, who formed the third line of battle behind the Principes.
• Tribuni angusticlavii – Military tribune of equestrian rank, five of whom were assigned to each legion.
• Tribunus militum - Officer in the Roman army who ranked below the legate but above the centurion.
• Tribunus militum laticlavius – Military tribune of senatorial rank. Second in command of a legion. Appointments to this rank seem to have ceased during the sole reign of Gallienus as part of a policy of excluding senators from military commands.
• Tubicen – A trumpeter.
• Urbanae – A special police force of Rome, created to counterbalance the Praetorians.
• Velites – A class of light infantry in the army of the Roman Republic.
• Venator – A hunter (a type of immunes).
• Vexillarius – Bearer of a vexillum (standard).
• Vigiles – were the firefighters and police.

The comitatenses and later the palatini were the units of the field armies of the late Roman Empire. They were the soldiers that replaced the legionaries, who had formed the backbone of the Roman military since the late republic.

The New Testament uses a number of military metaphors in discussing Christianity, especially in the Pauline epistles.

In Philippians 2:25 and Philemon 1:2, Paul describes fellow Christians as "fellow soldiers" (in Greek, συστρατιώτῃ, sustratiōtē). The image of a soldier is also used in 2 Timothy 2:3–4 as a metaphor for courage, loyalty and dedication; this is followed by the metaphor of an athlete, emphasising hard work. In 1 Corinthians 9:7, this image is used in a discussion of church workers receiving payment, with a metaphorical reference to a soldier's rations and expenses.

The lancea was a javelin used in ancient Rome. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word originally came from the Celtiberian language, also cf. λόγχη (lonche), the Greek term for lance. One kind of lancea, possibly known as the lancea pugnatoria or "the fighting lance" was used as a thrusting weapon by cavalrymen. This weapon was used by cavalrymen as it was lighter and easier to use than the pilum. The lancea was also used by auxiliaries. Legionaries would use the lancea if the occasion called for it. Arrian equipped his army with the weapon during a battle with the Alans. Soldiers that used it were known as lancearii. It is unclear how the lancea was distinguished from the hastae. Many lancea had amenta, although not all. This kind of javelin also had short wooden shafts and small leaf-shaped metal heads. Sometimes the heads had elongated points which may have been used to increase the penetration of the spear.