Kalmyk Oirat (Хальмг Өөрдин келн, IPA: [xalʲmə́k ɵːrd̥íɴ kʰelə́ɴ]), also known as the Kalmyk language (Хальмг келн) and formerly anglicized as Calmuck, is a variety of the Oirat language, natively spoken by the Kalmyk people of Kalmykia, a federal subject of Russia. In Russia, it is the standard form of the Oirat Mongolian (based on the Torgut dialect), which belongs to the Mongolic language family. The Kalmyk people of the Northwest Caspian Sea of Russia claim descent from the Oirats from Eurasia, who have also historically settled in Mongolia and Northwest China. According to UNESCO, the language is "definitely endangered". According to the Russian census of 2021, there are 110,000 speakers out of an ethnic population consisting of 178,000 people.
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👉 Kalmyk language in the context of Oirats
Oirats (/ˈɔɪræt/; Mongolian: Ойрад [ˈɞe̯ɾə̆t]) or Oirds (Mongolian: Ойрд [ˈɞe̯ɾə̆t]; Kalmyk: Өөрд [ˈøːɾə̆t]), formerly known as Eluts and Eleuths (/ɪˈluːt/ or /ɪˈljuːθ/; Chinese: 厄魯特, Èlǔtè) are the westernmost group of Mongols, whose ancestral home is in the Altai region of Siberia, Xinjiang and western Mongolia.
The first documented reference to Elut and Yelut was in the Onginsk "rune" inscriptions dated in the sixth century. The dating of the Oirats to the 13th century is based on the text of the Secret History of the Mongols. Historically, the Oirats were composed of four major tribes: Dzungar (Choros or Olots), Torghut, Dörbet and Khoshut.
- ⭐ Core Definition: Kalmyk language
- 👉 Kalmyk language in the context of Oirats
- Kalmyk language in the context of Khurul
- Kalmyk language in the context of Elista
- Kalmyk language in the context of Epic of Jangar
- Kalmyk language in the context of Burkhan Bakshin Altan Sume
- Kalmyk language in the context of Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Kalmyk language in the context of Torgut Oirat
Kalmyk language in the context of Khurul
A khurul (Kalmyk: хурул, romanized: khurul; Mongolian: хурэ / хүрээ, romanized: khure / khüree or hure or küriye) is a Buddhist monastery (temple, abode) in Kalmyk (Mongol-Oirat) Lamaism. Some of the most famous Kalmyk khuruls are the Burkhan Bakshin Altan Sume (contemporary) in Elista, Republic of Kalmykia, Russia, and the Khosheutovsky khurul (which was originally in the Kalmyk AO / Kalmyk ASSR, but is now located in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia).
Kalmyk language in the context of Elista
Elista (Russian: Элиста́, [ɪlʲɪˈsta]; Kalmyk: Элст, Elst, [ɛləsˈtə]) is the capital city of the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia.
It was known as Stepnoy (Степно́й) from 1944 to 1957.
Kalmyk language in the context of Epic of Jangar
The epic of Jangar or Jangar epic (Kalmyk: Җаңһр, romanized: Cañhr, [d͡ʒaŋɣər]; Mongolian: ᠵᠢᠩᠭᠠᠷ, Жангар, romanized: Jangar, [d͡ʒɑŋɢər]) is a traditional oral epic poem (tuuli) of the Mongols. It was long thought to be particular to the Kalmyks, but is now known to also be widely told among the Oirats in Mongolia, China and Russia. The story is recited by singers called Jangarchi (Kalmyk: Җаңһрч, romanized: Cañhrç, [d͡ʒaŋɣərt͡ʃə]). The Jangar has approximately 25 or 26 chapters, though certain versions may have more than 100 chapters.
Kalmyk language in the context of Burkhan Bakshin Altan Sume
The Burkhan Bakshin Altan Sume ("The Golden Abode of the Buddha Sakyamuni", Kalmyk: Бурхн Багшин алтн сүм, romanized: Burxn Bagşin altn süm, [burˈxən baxˈʃin aɫˈtən syˈmə]; Russian: Золотая обитель Будды Шакьямуни, romanized: Zolotaya obitel Buddy Shakyamuni) is a Gelug Buddhist monastery in Elista, the capital of the Republic of Kalmykia, a federal subject of the Russian Federation. The temple is the largest Buddhist temple in Russia and Europe, and it contains the third largest Buddha statue in Europe — 9 m (30 ft), with only the 10 m (33 ft) tall Miró Buddha in Paris and the 12.5 m (41 ft) tall Buddha in Lagan being bigger.
It was opened on December 27, 2005, at the site of a former factory. More than 5,000 people attended the opening ceremony, including representatives of Tibetan Buddhist communities from Moscow, Volgograd and Saratov.
Kalmyk language in the context of Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
The Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Russian: Калмыцкая Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика; Kalmyk: Хальмг Автономн Советск Социалистическ Республик, romanized: Xaľmg Avtonomn Sovetsk Soţialistiçesk Respublik, [xalʲˈmək aftɐˈnomnə sɐˈvʲɛt͡sk sɐt͡sialʲɪsˈtit͡ʃəsk rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk]) was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR that existed at two periods of time. Its administrative center was Elista.
The Kalmyk ASSR was first established when the Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast (established 4 November 1920) had its status increased on 22 October 1935. On 27 December 1943 in conjunction with the deportation of over 93,000 Kalmyks to various locations in Central Asia and Siberia, the Kalmyk ASSR was abolished and its territory was split between adjacent Astrakhan, Rostov and Stalingrad Oblasts and Stavropol Krai. Soviet authorities renamed the former republic's towns and villages.
Kalmyk language in the context of Torgut Oirat
Torgut (Oirat: Торһд, romanized: Torhd, [torˈɣət]), also spelled Torghud, is a dialect of the Oirat language spoken in Xinjiang, in western Mongolia and in eastern Kalmykia (where it was the basis for Kalmyk, the literary standard language of that region). Thus, it has more speakers than any other variety of Oirat. It is better researched than any other Oirat variety spoken in China.