Ionization potential in the context of Secondary electrons

Ionization potential in the context of Secondary electrons

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⭐ Core Definition: Ionization potential

In physics and chemistry, ionization energy (IE) is the minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron(s) (the valence electron(s)) of an isolated gaseous atom, positive ion, or molecule. The first ionization energy is quantitatively expressed as

where X is any atom or molecule, X is the resultant ion when the original atom was stripped of a single electron, and e is the removed electron. Ionization energy is positive for neutral atoms, meaning that the ionization is an endothermic process. Roughly speaking, the closer the outermost electrons are to the nucleus of the atom, the higher the atom's ionization energy.

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👉 Ionization potential in the context of Secondary electrons

Secondary electrons are electrons generated as ionization products. They are called 'secondary' because they are generated by other radiation (the primary radiation). This radiation can be in the form of ions, electrons, or photons with sufficiently high energy, i.e. exceeding the ionization potential. Photoelectrons can be considered an example of secondary electrons where the primary radiation are photons; in some discussions photoelectrons with higher energy (>50 eV) are still considered "primary" while the electrons freed by the photoelectrons are "secondary".

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Ionization potential in the context of Electron donor

In chemistry, an electron donor is a chemical entity that transfers electrons to another compound. It is a reducing agent that, by virtue of its donating electrons, is itself oxidized in the process. An obsolete definition equated an electron donor and a Lewis base.

In contrast to traditional reducing agents, electron transfer from a donor to an electron acceptor may be only fractional. The electron is not completely transferred, which results in an electron resonance between the donor and acceptor. This leads to the formation of charge transfer complexes, in which the components largely retain their chemical identities. The electron donating power of a donor molecule is measured by its ionization potential, which is the energy required to remove an electron from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO).

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LINKED FROM (PARENTS)
← Secondary electrons ← Electron donor ← Secondary electron
LINKS TO (CHILDREN)
Atomic number → Electronvolt → Alkali metals → Noble gas → Physics → Chemistry → Electron → Valence electron → Atom → Ion → Molecule → Endothermic process → Atomic nucleus →