Zoological in the context of "Available name"

In the zoological field of ethology, a dominance hierarchy (formerly and colloquially called a pecking order) is a type of social hierarchy that arises when members of animal social groups interact, creating a ranking system. Different types of interactions can result in dominance depending on the species, including ritualized displays of aggression or direct physical violence.

In social living groups, members are likely to compete for access to limited resources and mating opportunities. Rather than fighting each time they meet, individuals of the same sex establish a relative rank, with higher-ranking individuals often gaining more access to resources and mates. Based on repetitive interactions, a social order is created that is subject to change each time a dominant animal is challenged by a subordinate one.

Biting is an action involving a set of teeth closing down on an object. It is a common zoological behavior, being found in toothed animals such as mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, and arthropods. Biting is also an action humans participate in, most commonly when chewing food. Myocytic contraction of the muscles of mastication is responsible for generating the force that initiates the preparatory jaw abduction (opening), then rapidly adducts (closes) the jaw and moves the top and bottom teeth towards each other, resulting in the forceful action of a bite. Biting is one of the main functions in the lives of larger organisms, providing them the ability to forage, hunt, eat, build, play, fight, protect, and much more. Biting may be a form of physical aggression due to predatory or territorial intentions. In animals, biting can also be a normal activity, being used for eating, scratching, carrying objects, preparing food for young, removing ectoparasites or irritating foreign objects, and social grooming. Humans can have the tendency to bite each other whether they are children or adults.

Bites often result in serious puncture wounds, avulsion injuries, fractures, hemorrhages, infections, envenomation, and death. In modern human societies, dog bites are the most common type of bite, with children being the most common victims and faces being the most common target. Some other species that may bite humans include urban animals such as feral cats, spiders, and snakes. Other common bites to humans are inflicted by hematophagous insects and arthropods, such as mosquitoes, fleas, lice, bedbugs, and ticks (whose "bites" are actually a form of stinging rather than true biting).

Gottlob Heinrich (Henrik) Leutemann (8 October 1824 — 14 December 1905) was a German artist and book illustrator. He was born in Leipzig and studied there.

He produced lithographs for instructional posters. In the 1850s, he worked on pictures of animals for a zoological Atlas. Some of his drawings include Ankunft Junger Leoparden bei Hagenbeck in Hamburg ("A box of young leopards arrives at Hagenbeck's Animal Show in Hamburg"), Tierkauf in Afrika ("Buying animals in Africa"), Riesenschlangen-Käfig im Zoologischen Garten Hamburg (Giant snakes' cage in the Hamburg Zoo), and Manatees ("Manatees"). Hagenbeck's Tierpark still brings visitors to Hamburg.

The Keeper of Zoology was a zoological academic position within the Natural History Museum in London, England. The Keeper of Zoology acted as the head of the Department of Zoology. The following is a list of those who have held this position, which existed until 2013 when the Department of Zoology was merged with the departments of Entomology and Botany to form the Department of Life Sciences. Dates are those in office.

• John George Children 1837–1840
• John Edward Gray 1840–1875
• Albert Karl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther 1875–1895
• William Henry Flower 1895–1898
• Edwin Ray Lankester 1898–1907
• Sidney Frederic Harmer 1909–1921
• Charles Tate Regan 1921–1927
• William Thomas Calman 1927–1936
• Martin Alister Campbell Hinton 1936–1945
• Norman Boyd Kinnear 1945–1947
• Hampton Wildman Parker 1947–1957
• Francis Charles Fraser 1957–1964
• John Philip Harding 1964–1971
• John Gordon Sheals 1971–1985
• John Fordyce Peake 1985–1989
• Colin Robert Curds 1993–1997 (acting 1989–1993)
• Philip Stephen Rainbow 1997–2013

Wilhelma (German: [vɪlˈhɛlma] ) is a zoological-botanical garden in Stuttgart, southern Germany, located in the Bad Cannstatt district in the north of the city on the grounds of a historic castle. Wilhelma Zoo is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Baden-Württemberg, seeing more than 2 million visitors annually.

The Zoo and Botanical Garden have been staffed since 1846. The Moorish Revival style echoing the Alhambra have been maintained and supplemented since 1960. Today, the zoo has an area of about 30 hectares (0.30 km), houses around 11,500 animals from around the world composed of roughly 1,200 species and roughly 6000 plants from all climates. Of Germany's zoos, Wilhelma's collection ranks second to the Berlin Zoological Garden. In addition to the public garden, Wilhelma also has a branch office located in Fellbach, where the zoo keeps its stallions.