Yamana Sōzen (山名 宗全; July 6, 1404 – April 15, 1473) was originally Yamana Mochitoyo (山名 持豊) before becoming a monk. Due to his red complexion, he was sometimes known as Aka-nyūdō, "the Red Monk". He was one of the shogun daimyōs who fought against Hosokawa Katsumoto during the Ōnin War in Heian-kyō.
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👉 Yamana Sōzen in the context of Ōnin War
The Ōnin War (応仁の乱, Ōnin no Ran), also known as the Upheaval of Ōnin and Ōnin-Bunmei war, was a civil war that lasted from 1467 to 1477, during the Muromachi period in Japan. Ōnin refers to the Japanese era during which the war started; the war ended during the Bunmei era. A dispute between a high official, Hosokawa Katsumoto, and a regional lord, Yamana Sōzen, escalated into a nationwide civil war involving the Ashikaga shogunate and a number of daimyō (大名, feudal lords) in many regions of Japan.
The war initiated the Sengoku period, "the Warring States period." This period was a long, drawn-out struggle for domination by individual daimyō, resulting in a mass power-struggle between the various houses to dominate the whole of Japan.
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Yamana Sōzen in the context of Hosokawa Katsumoto
Hosokawa Katsumoto (細川 勝元; 1430 – June 6, 1473) was one of the Kanrei, the deputies to the Shōgun, during Japan's Muromachi period. He is famous for his involvement in the creation of Ryōan-ji, a temple famous for its rock garden, and for his involvement in the Ōnin War, which sparked the 130-year Sengoku period. His childhood name was Sumiakamaru (聡明丸).
His conflicts with his father-in-law, Yamana Sōzen, who resented the power Hosokawa had as Kanrei, were among those that ignited the Ōnin War in 1467. When the Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimasa had a son in 1464, Yamana took this as an opportunity to oppose Hosokawa further, supporting the child as heir to the Shogunate. Hosokawa had always worked closely with the Shōgun's brother Ashikaga Yoshimi and supported his claim to the shogunate.