William Temple Hornaday (December 1, 1854 – March 6, 1937) was an American zoologist, conservationist, taxidermist, and author. He served as the first director of the New York Zoological Park, known today as the Bronx Zoo, and he was a pioneer in the early wildlife conservation movement in the United States.
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👉 William Temple Hornaday in the context of Wild animal suffering
Wild animal suffering is suffering experienced by non-human animals living outside human care or control, arising from natural processes. Sources of harm include disease, injury, parasitism, starvation and malnutrition, dehydration, exposure to weather and natural disasters, killing by other animals, and psychological stress. Assessments of scope emphasize the very large numbers affected and the mechanisms that produce it, including natural selection, high-fecundity reproductive strategies (r-selection), high juvenile mortality, and population dynamics.
Religious, philosophical, and literary sources have variously explained, justified, accepted, or criticized harm in nature, with some advocating compassion or intervention and others defending non-intervention or the value of natural processes. Treatments appear in Christianity and Islam, and in Eastern traditions such as Buddhism and Hinduism; in religious contexts, it has been linked to the problem of evil and theodicy. Eighteenth-century figures include Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, and Johann Gottfried Herder; nineteenth-century discussion features Lewis Gompertz, pessimist philosophers, John Stuart Mill, and Henry Stephens Salt; twentieth-century contributors include J. Howard Moore, William Temple Hornaday, and Alexander Skutch. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, the topic has featured in scholarship in animal ethics and environmental ethics, including work by Peter Singer, Jeff McMahan, Yew-Kwang Ng, Clare Palmer, Sue Donaldson and Will Kymlicka, Steve F. Sapontzis, Stephen R. L. Clark, J. Baird Callicott, Holmes Rolston III, David Pearce, Alasdair Cochrane, Kyle Johannsen, Catia Faria, Brian Tomasik, and Oscar Horta, in dedicated university and think tank programs, and in the work of advocacy organizations and research institutes.
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William Temple Hornaday in the context of Bronx Zoo
The Bronx Zoo (also historically the Bronx Zoological Park and the Bronx Zoological Gardens) is a zoo within Bronx Park in the Bronx, New York City. It is one of the largest zoos in the United States by area and the largest metropolitan zoo, comprising 265 acres (107 ha) of park lands and naturalistic habitats separated by the Bronx River. The zoo has 2.1 million average yearly visitors as of 2009. The zoo's original buildings, known as Astor Court, were designed as a series of Beaux-Arts pavilions grouped around the large circular sea lion pool. The Rainey Memorial Gates were designed by sculptor Paul Manship in 1934 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.
The zoo opened on November 8, 1899, featuring 843 animals in 22 exhibits. Its first director was William Temple Hornaday, who served for 30 years. From its inception the zoo has played a vital role in animal conservation. In 1905, the American Bison Society was created in an attempt to save the American bison, which had been depleted from tens-of-millions of animals to only a few hundred, from extinction. Two years later they were successfully reintroduced into the wild. In 2007, the zoo successfully reintroduced three Chinese alligators into the wild. The breeding was a milestone in the zoo's 10-year effort to reintroduce the species to the Yangtze River in China.