The Treaty of Prüm, concluded on 19 September 855, was the second of the main partition treaties of the Carolingian Empire. As Emperor Lothair I was approaching death, he divided his realm of Middle Francia among his three sons.
The Treaty of Prüm, concluded on 19 September 855, was the second of the main partition treaties of the Carolingian Empire. As Emperor Lothair I was approaching death, he divided his realm of Middle Francia among his three sons.
The Treaty of Verdun (French: Traité de Verdun; German: Vertrag von Verdun), agreed to on 10 August 843, ended the Carolingian civil war and divided the Carolingian Empire between Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II, the surviving sons of the emperor Louis I. The treaty was the culmination of negotiations lasting more than a year. It was the first in a series of partitions contributing to the dissolution of the empire created by Charlemagne and has been seen as foreshadowing the formation of many of the modern countries of western Europe.
The treaty was the first of the four partition treaties of the Carolingian Empire, followed by the Treaties of Prüm (855), Meerssen (870), and Ribemont (880).
Lotharingia was a historical region and an early medieval polity that existed during the late Carolingian and early Ottonian, from the middle of the 9th to the middle of the 10th century. It was established in 855 by the Treaty of Prüm as a distinct kingdom within the Carolingian Empire, but abolished already in 869-870 when it was divided by the Treaty of Meerssen. It was territorially reunited in 880 by the Treaty of Ribemont, and reestablished as a kingdom from 895 to 900. Since 903 it was organized as a duchy, which existed up to 959, when it was divided into two distinct duchies: Upper Lotharingia (southern half), and Lower Lotharingia (northern half). The regional name Lotharingia means, approximately, "the land of Lothair", and was derived from the name of its first ruler, king Lothair II, who received this territory as his share of the Kingdom of Middle Francia. The region comprised present-day Lorraine (France), Luxembourg, parts of modern Germany west of the Rhine, most of Belgium, and the Netherlands.
Lotharingia resulted from the tripartite division in 855 of the kingdom of Middle Francia, which itself was formed after the threefold division of the Carolingian Empire by the Treaty of Verdun of 843. Conflict between East and West Francia over Lotharingia was based on the fact that these were the old Frankish homelands of Austrasia, so possession of them was a matter of great prestige to their kings as true claimant of Frankish imperial legacy.
The Treaty of Mersen or Meerssen, concluded on 8 August 870, was a treaty to partition the realm of Lothair II, known as Lotharingia, by his uncles Louis the German of East Francia and Charles the Bald of West Francia, the two surviving sons of Emperor Louis I the Pious. The treaty followed an earlier treaty of Prüm which had split Middle Francia between Lothair I's sons after his death in 855.
The treaty is referred to in some Western European historiographies as the third major partition of Francia, all of which took place from August 843 to August 870, through the treaties of Verdun, Prüm and Mersen. It was followed by the Treaty of Ribemont.
The Kingdom of Italy in a modern context usually refers to the most recent state of this name (1861–1946), the predecessor state of the modern Italian Republic. A Kingdom of Italy existed almost uninterruptedly from 476 to the present, and it is divided into multiple eras:
The kings and dukes of Lorraine have held different posts under different governments over different regions, since its creation as the kingdom of Lotharingia by the Treaty of Prüm, in 855. The first rulers of the newly established region were kings of the Franks. The Latin construction "Lotharingia" evolved over time into "Lorraine" in French, "Lotharingen" in Dutch and "Lothringen" in German. After the Carolingian kingdom was absorbed into its neighbouring realms in the late ninth century, dukes were appointed over the territory. In the mid-tenth century, the duchy was divided into Lower Lorraine and Upper Lorraine, the first evolving into the historical Low Countries, the second became known as the Duchy of Lorraine and existed well into the modern era.
The history of Burgundy refers to the history of Burgundy, stretching from the late antiquity up to the contemporary period. As a historical region, Burgundy was impacted by various changes, that were affecting both political development and territorial scope of Burgundian lands and polities.
In the 5th century, the Burgundians, a Germanic people, settled in the wider region of the river Rhône, and established the Kingdom of the Burgundians, thus giving the new name to those parts of Roman Gaul. In 534, the Burgundian realm was incorporated into the Frankish Kingdom. Since the Treaty of Prüm (855), a renewed Burgundian polity started to emerge, following various divisions of the Carolingian Empire. In time, two distinctive realms were formed, the Lower Burgundy (879) and the Upper Burgundy (888). In 933, they were united to form the Kingdom of Burgundy (Arles), that existed until 1032, when it was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire.
Year 855 (DCCCLV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.