UMNO in the context of "Anwar Ibrahim"

Ketuanan Melayu (Jawi: كتوانن ملايو‎; lit. "Malay Overlordship" or "Malay Supremacy") is a political concept that emphasises Malay hegemony and preeminence in present-day Malaysia. The Malaysian Malays have claimed a special position and special rights owing to their longer history in the area and the fact that the present Malaysian state itself evolved from a Malay polity. The oldest political institution in Malaysia is the system of Malay rulers of the nine Malay states. The British colonial authorities transformed the system and turned it first into a system of indirect rule, then in 1948, using this culturally based institution, they incorporated the Malay monarchy into the blueprints for the independent Federation of Malaya.

The term Tanah Melayu in its name, which literally means "Malay homeland", assumes proprietorship of the Malay states. In this method, the colonial government strengthened Malay ethno-nationalism, Malay ethnicity and culture and Malay sovereignty in the new nation-state. Though other cultures would continue to flourish, the identity of the emerging political community was to be shaped by the "historic" political culture of its dominant Malay ethnic group. The Chinese and Indian immigrants, who form a significant minority in Malaysia, are considered beholden to the Malays for granting them citizenship in return for special privileges as set out in Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia. This quid pro quo arrangement is usually referred to as the Malaysian social contract. The concept of ketuanan Melayu is usually cited by politicians, particularly those from the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO).

Mahathir bin Mohamad (Jawi: محاضر بن محمد; IPA: [mahaðɪ(r) bɪn mohamad]; born 10 July 1925) is a Malaysian politician, author and doctor who served as the fourth and seventh prime minister of Malaysia from 1981 to 2003 and again from 2018 to 2020. He was the country's longest-serving prime minister, serving for a cumulative total of 24 years. His political career has spanned more than 75 years, from joining protests opposing citizenship policies for non-Malays in the Malayan Union in the 1940s to forming the Gerakan Tanah Air coalition in 2022. During his premiership, Mahathir was granted the title "Father of Modernisation" (Malay: Bapa Pemodenan) for his pivotal role in transforming the country's economy and infrastructure. At 100 years old, he is the second-oldest living former state leader in the world and the first Malaysian prime minister to reach that age.

Born and raised in Alor Setar, Kedah, Mahathir excelled at school and became a physician. He became active in UMNO before entering the parliament of Malaysia in 1964 as the Member of Parliament for Kota Setar Selatan, serving until 1969 amid losing his seat, subsequently falling out with Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman and being expelled from UMNO. In 1970, he released the book The Malay Dilemma. When Tunku resigned, Mahathir re-entered UMNO and parliament through Kubang Pasu constituency, and was promoted to Minister of Education from 1974 to 1978 and Minister of Trade and Industry from 1978 to 1981. He became deputy prime minister in 1976 and in other cabinet before being sworn in as prime minister in 1981.

The Malaysian Indian Congress (abbrev: MIC; Malay: Kongres India Se-Malaysia), formerly known as Malayan Indian Congress, is a Malaysian political party.

Founded in 1946 to advocate for Indian independence from British colonial rule, it turned its focus to the struggle for independence of Malaya (now Malaysia). It positioned itself to represent the Indian community in Malaya and was a founding member of the Alliance along with the United Malays National Organisation and Malaysian Chinese Association, which later became Barisan Nasional.

Ismail Sabri bin Yaakob (Jawi: اسماعيل صبري بن يعقوب; born 18 January 1960) is a Malaysian politician and lawyer who was the ninth prime minister of Malaysia from 2021 to 2022, the shortest premiership in the country with a tenure of 15 months. A member of UMNO, he was the only prime minister without a leadership role in the governing party, and the first to born after the country's independence. He is the first opposition leader to become prime minister and also the first to served without a deputy. Prior premiership, he is the shortest-serving deputy prime minister, with a tenure of 40 days.

Born in Pahang. Ismail has represented Bera in Dewan Rakyat since 2004, he is the Division Chief of Bera of the UMNO, a component party of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition. He also served as the vice president of UMNO from June 2018 to March 2023. As of a result of the 2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis, he was formally appointed and sworn in as prime minister on 21 August 2021 following the resignation of his predecessor Muhyiddin Yassin.

Ahmad Zahid bin Hamidi (Jawi: أحمد زاهد بن حميدي; born 4 January 1953) is a Malaysian politician who is the deputy prime minister since 2022. A president of UMNO since 2018, he represented Bagan Datuk in Dewan Rakyat since 1995. Zahid is also the rural and regional development minister since 2022, as well as the leader and the chairman of the coalition Barisan Nasional (BN) since May 2018. He is the first UMNO president, after the Malayan independence to not be elected as prime minister.

Born in Perak. He served in several cabinet positions under former Prime Ministers Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and Najib Razak from March 2008 to May 2018 and served as deputy prime minister from July 2015 to May 2018. Zahid became the president of the UMNO in 2018 following the party's defeat in the 2018 election. He served as the 14th Leader of the Opposition from July 2018 to March 2019. Under his leadership, UMNO and BN won at the 2021 Malacca state election and the 2022 Johor state election, but achieved its worst result in Malaysian history at the 2022 federal election. After BN formed a coalition government with Pakatan Harapan and other regional parties, he was appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia alongside Fadillah Yusof in December 2022, making him the first person to be appointed to this position twice, under two different administrations.