Thomas Eakins in the context of "Painter"

Jean-Léon Gérôme (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ leɔ̃ ʒeʁom]; 11 May 1824 – 10 January 1904) was a French painter and sculptor in the style now known as academicism. His paintings were so widely reproduced that he was "arguably the world's most famous living artist by 1880." The range of his works includes historical paintings, Greek mythology, Orientalism, portraits, and other subjects. He is considered among the most important painters from the academic period and was, with Meissonier and Cabanel, one of "the three most successful artists of the Second Empire".

He was also a teacher with a long list of students, including Mary Cassatt, Thomas Eakins, and Osman Hamdi Bey, among others.

This is an incomplete list of the pupils of Jean-Léon Gérôme.

• Laureano Barrau
• Jacques Barcat
• Henri Beau
• Osman Hamdi Bey
• Pascal Dagnan-Bouveret
• Georges Ferdinand Bigot
• Frank Myers Boggs
• Frederick Arthur Bridgman
• George de Forest Brush
• Edwin Lord Weeks
• George Bridgman
• Dennis Miller Bunker
• Eugène Burnand
• Mary Cassatt
• Gustave-Claude-Etienne Courtois
• Kenyon Cox
• William de Leftwich Dodge
• Wynford Dewhurst, R.B.A.
• Thomas Millie Dow
• Thomas Eakins
• Wyatt Eaton
• Albert Edelfelt
• Delphin Enjolras
• Herbert Cyrus Farnum
• Jacques Gay
• Gabriel Guay
• Edmund Aubrey Hunt
• Paul-Eugène Mesplès
• Henri-Paul Motte
• Henry Siddons Mowbray
• Aloysius O'Kelly
• Lawton S. Parker
• William McGregor Paxton
• Paul Peel
• R. G. Harper Pennington
• William Picknell
• Théophile Poilpot
• Théodore Ralli
• Odilon Redon
• Jules Ernest Renoux
• Carl Frederick von Saltza
• Julius LeBlanc Stewart
• Abbott Handerson Thayer
• Vasili Vasilyevich Vereshchagin
• Douglas Volk
• J. Alden Weir
• William Stott of Oldham
• Hosui Yamamoto

American realism was a movement in art, music and literature that depicted contemporary social realities and the lives and everyday activities of ordinary people. The movement began in literature in the mid-19th century, and became an important tendency in visual art in the early 20th century. Whether a cultural portrayal or a scenic view of downtown New York City, American realist works attempted to define what was real.

In the U.S. at the beginning of the 20th century a new generation of painters, writers and journalists were coming of age. Many of the painters felt the influence of older U.S. artists such as Thomas Eakins, Mary Cassatt, John Singer Sargent, James McNeill Whistler, Winslow Homer, Childe Hassam, J. Alden Weir, Thomas Pollock Anshutz, and William Merritt Chase. However they were interested in creating new and more urbane works that reflected city life and a population that was more urban than rural in the U.S. as it entered the new century.

Joseph Pennell (July 4, 1857 – April 23, 1926) was an American draftsman, etcher, lithographer, and illustrator for books and magazines. A prolific artist, he spent most of his working life in Europe, and developed an interest in landmarks, landscapes, and industrial scenes around the world. A student of James Lambdin and Thomas Eakins, he was later influenced by James McNeill Whistler. He was married to author Elizabeth Robins, and he also was a writer.

In 1914, he published The Jew at Home: Impressions of a Summer and Autumn Spent with Him (1892) followed by photo-documentary works including Lithographs of War (1914), Pictures of the Wonders of Work (1915), and The Adventures of an Illustrator (1925). In later life, he and wife Elizabeth both wrote art criticism and co-authored books.