Tariq ibn Ziyad in the context of "Umayyad conquest of Hispania"

The Rock of Gibraltar (from the Arabic name Jabal Ṭāriq جبل طارق, meaning "Mountain of Tariq") is a monolithic limestone mountain 426 m (1,398 ft) high dominating the western entrance to the Mediterranean Sea. It is situated near the end of a narrow 9 kilometres (5.6 mi)-long promontory stretching due south into the Mediterranean Sea and is located within the British territory of Gibraltar. The rock is 27 km northeast of Tarifa, Spain, the southwestern tip of Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The rock serves as a fortress and contains a labyrinthine network of man-made tunnels known as the Tunnels of Gibraltar. Most of the Rock's upper area comprises a nature reserve which is home to about 300 Barbary macaques. It is a major tourist attraction.

The Rock of Gibraltar, the northern of the two historic Pillars of Hercules, was known to the Romans as Mons Calpe ("Mount Calpe"); the southern Pillar of Hercules on the African side of the Strait of Gibraltar was known as Mons Abila, with a modern name of either Monte Hacho or Jebel Musa. According to an ancient legend fostered by the Greeks and the Phoenicians and later adopted by the Romans, the two pillars marked the western limit of the known world.

The Battle of Guadalete was the first major battle of the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, fought in July 711 at an unidentified location in what is now southern Spain between the Visigoths under their king, Roderic, and the invading forces of the Umayyad Caliphate, composed of mainly Berbers and some Arabs under the commander Tariq ibn Ziyad. The battle was significant as the culmination of a series of Umayyad attacks and the beginning of al-Andalus. Roderic was killed in the battle, along with many members of the Visigothic nobility, opening the way for the capture of the Visigothic capital of Toledo.

Astorga (Spanish: [asˈtoɾɣa] , Estorga in the Leonese dialect of Maragatería) is a municipality and city in Spain, located in the Province of León, within the autonomous community of Castile and León. Situated at the transition between the Páramo Leonés and the Montes de León, it serves as a central hub for the regions of Maragatería, La Cepeda, and the Ribera del Órbigo. The city is the seat of one of Spain's oldest and most extensive dioceses, with jurisdiction over half of the province of León and parts of the provinces of Ourense and Zamora. It is also the head of the judicial district number 5 of the province of León.

Founded as a Roman military camp for the Legio X Gemina in the late 1st century BC, it soon transitioned into a civilian settlement known as Asturica Augusta and became the capital of the Conventus Asturum. It developed as a key communication hub in northwestern Iberia and enjoyed prosperity during the first two centuries of the Common Era due to gold mining, earning the description vrbs magnifica from Pliny the Elder. By the mid-3rd century, it likely became an episcopal see, with Basílides as its first bishop. Following the barbarian invasions, it was part of the Kingdom of the Suebi and was captured by Muslim forces under Tariq in 714, though it was reconquered by the Asturian monarchy later that century. In the late 10th century, it faced repeated Muslim assaults led by Almanzor.

Uthman ibn Naissa (Arabic: عثمان بن نيساء), better known as Munuza, was a Berber governor (wali) who established an independent power base in Cerdanya on the eastern Pyrenees (in modern-day southern France) around 731 CE, breaking away from the Umayyad Caliphate. He was the wali of Narbonne and Cerdagne, in addition to the Spanish territory of Catalonia. To solidify his position, he formed an alliance with the Duke of Aquitaine, Odo the Great, and married his daughter Lampegia. He was eventually defeated by the Umayyad forces of Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi. Munuza's defeat was followed by Umayyad forces turning their attention to Odo, which led to the Umayyad victory at the Battle of the River Garonne. 

Munuza is depicted in different contradictory chronicles during the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. He is also possibly the same man as the governor of León and/or Gijón defeated by Pelagius in the late 710s/early 720s. Munuza is also believed to have been a companion of the Berber leader Tariq ibn Ziyad.