Self-governance of Singapore in the context of "1962 Singaporean integration referendum"

Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in Southeast Asia. Its territory comprises one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet. The country is about one degree of latitude (137 kilometres or 85 miles) north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Strait of Malacca to the west, the Singapore Strait to the south along with the Riau Islands in Indonesia, the South China Sea to the east and the Straits of Johor along with the State of Johor in Malaysia to the north.

In its early history, Singapore was a maritime emporium known as Temasek; subsequently, it was a major constituent of several successive thalassocratic empires. Its contemporary era began in 1819, when Stamford Raffles established Singapore as an entrepôt trading post of the British Empire. In 1867, Singapore came under direct British control as part of the Straits Settlements. During World War II, Singapore was occupied by Japan in 1942 and returned to Britain as a Crown colony following Japan's surrender in 1945. Singapore gained self-governance in 1959 and in 1963 became part of the new federation of Malaysia, alongside Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak. Ideological differences led to Singapore's expulsion from the federation two years later; it became an independent sovereign country in 1965. After early years of turbulence and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation rapidly developed to become one of the Four Asian Tigers.

The president of Singapore, officially the President of the Republic of Singapore, is the head of state of Singapore. The president represents the country in official diplomatic functions and possesses certain executive powers over the government of Singapore, including the control of the national reserves and the ability to revoke and appoint public service appointments.

After Singapore achieved full internal self-governance from the British Empire in 1959, the ceremonial office of the Yang di-Pertuan Negara (lit. 'Lord of the State') was created, where it was first held by the governor of Singapore William Goode. The office was later succeeded by the president of Singapore following Singapore's independence from Malaysia in 1965. The initial role of the president was predominantly a ceremonial institution, serving as the representative of the Singaporean state both at home and abroad. It carried limited residual powers, and prior to 1991, the president was solely appointed by the parliament of Singapore. Singapore follows a non-executive model of the Westminster parliamentary system whereby the president is not the head of government but rather the head of state; these powers are instead vested in the Cabinet, which is led by the prime minister.

General elections were held in Singapore on 30 May 1959 to elect all 51 members of the Legislative Assembly. They were the first general elections after Singapore was granted full internal self-government from the United Kingdom, excluding matters of defence and foreign affairs. Prior to the elections, the constitution was revised, known as the Singapore (Constitution) Order in Council 1958. Along with a wholly elected Legislative Assembly, it also created the position of the Yang di-Pertuan Negara as head of state and a Prime Minister as head of government. Voting was made compulsory for the first time, leading to a voter turnout of 90.07%, a significant increase from 52.66% in 1955.

The People's Action Party (PAP), led by Lee Kuan Yew, achieved a landslide victory by winning 43 of the 51 seats and securing 54.08% of the popular vote. The PAP, which benefited from the support of trade unions and Chinese-speaking working-class voters, had focused on completely ending colonial rule, expanding public housing and education, creating jobs through industrialisation and fostering racial harmony as its platform. Its main opponent, Lim Yew Hock's Singapore People's Alliance (SPA), which had some former members of the Labour Front (LF), secured only four seats. The Singaporean branch of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) won three seats, while other parties and independents made little headway.

General elections were held in Singapore on 13 April 1968 to elect all 58 members of Parliament. They were the third general elections since Singapore attained self-governance in 1959 and the first since gaining independence in 1965. The ruling People's Action Party (PAP), led by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, won a landslide victory, securing all 58 seats in Parliament. Of these, 51 were uncontested, as opposition parties either failed to field candidates or withdrew altogether. As a result, the outcome of the elections was effectively determined before polling day.

The political context of the elections was shaped by a weakened and fragmented opposition. Barisan Sosialis (BS), the main opposition party formed by former PAP members, had boycotted Parliament after independence and subsequently withdrew from electoral politics altogether, citing concerns over political repression and the use of the Internal Security Act (ISA) against dissenting voices. Other minor parties joined the boycott or were either inactive or lacked the organisational capacity to mount a significant challenge. The PAP, in turn, used its control over state institutions and media to reinforce its message of stability, development and national unity during a time of regional uncertainty.

General elections were held in Singapore on 7 May 2011 to elect members of Parliament. They were the thirteenth general elections since the introduction of self-government in 1959 and the eleventh since independence in 1965. President S.R. Nathan dissolved parliament on 19 April on the advice of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong three weeks before the election. The number of elected seats was increased from 84 to 87 from the previous election. This was the second election contested by Lee as prime minister.

The ruling People's Action Party (PAP) achieved a landslide victory in the election, retaining its supermajority. Nevertheless, the election saw historic gains for the opposition in Singapore's political landscape. For the second consecutive election, the PAP did not return to government on nomination day. It also marked the first and only three-cornered contest since 2001, which was held at Punggol East Single Member Constituency (SMC). Described as a "watershed" election, it saw the highest proportion of contested seats since independence, excluding the five seats in Tanjong Pagar Group Representation Constituency (GRC). This election also marked Lee Kuan Yew's final election before his death in 2015.

General elections were held in Singapore on 11 September 2015 to elect members of Parliament. They were the fourteenth general elections since the introduction of self-government in 1959 and the twelfth since independence in 1965. President Tony Tan dissolved parliament on 25 August on the advice of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong three weeks before the election. The number of elected seats was increased from 87 to 89 from the previous election. This was the third election contested by Lee as prime minister.

The election was held a few months after the death of Lee Kuan Yew in March, who was a founding father of the country and a key figure in its development as a nation. His passing was widely seen as strengthening public support for the governing People's Action Party (PAP) as the national mood of remembrance and unity grew. The government also focused heavily on SG50 celebrations, which marked Singapore's golden jubilee of independence and stirred strong feelings of patriotism. The election was called earlier than expected, several months before the anticipated 2016 timeline. As a result, the 12th Parliament (2011–2015) ended sooner than usual, making it the shortest term since the 7th Parliament (1989–1991).

General elections were held in Singapore on 10 July 2020 to elect members of Parliament. They were the fifteenth general elections since the introduction of self-government in 1959 and the thirtheenth since independence in 1965. Parliament was dissolved and the general election called by President Halimah Yacob on 23 June, on the advice of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. The number of elected seats was increased from 89 to 93 from the previous election.

The election was significantly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, which became a central issue in the campaign. The ruling People's Action Party (PAP) emphasised its management of the crisis, including securing supplies of face masks and ramping up testing. In contrast, opposition parties criticised the government's handling of the pandemic, particularly the high number of COVID-19 cases in foreign worker dormitories and the Ministry of Health's reversal of its guidance on mask usage. Beyond the pandemic, other key issues that emerged during the election included the cost of living, housing affordability, population growth and immigration policies. The election also featured constituency political broadcasts, a televised programme hosted by Mediacorp, which replaced physical rallies that were suspended as part of social distancing measures.