Rome–Constantinople schism of 1054 in the context of "Persecution of Christians"

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⭐ Core Definition: Rome–Constantinople schism of 1054

The East–West Schism, also known as the Great Schism or the Schism of 1054, is the break of communion between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church since 1054. A series of ecclesiastical differences, theological disputes and geopolitical tensions between the Greek East and Latin West preceded the formal split that occurred in 1054. Prominent among these were the procession of the Holy Spirit (Filioque), whether leavened or unleavened bread should be used in the Eucharist, iconoclasm, the coronation of Charlemagne as emperor of the Romans in 800, the pope's claim to universal jurisdiction, and the place of the See of Constantinople in relation to the pentarchy.

The first action that led to a formal schism occurred in 1053 when Patriarch Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople ordered the closure of all Latin churches in Constantinople. In 1054, the papal legate sent by Leo IX travelled to Constantinople in order, among other things, to deny Cerularius the title of "ecumenical patriarch" and insist that he recognize the pope's claim to be the head of all of the churches. The main purposes of the papal legation were to seek help from the Byzantine emperor, Constantine IX Monomachos, in view of the Norman conquest of southern Italy, and to respond to Leo of Ohrid's attacks on the use of unleavened bread and other Western customs, attacks that had the support of Cerularius. The historian Axel Bayer says that the legation was sent in response to two letters, one from the emperor seeking help to organize a joint military campaign by the eastern and western empires against the Normans, and the other from Cerularius. When the leader of the legation, Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida, O.S.B., learned that Cerularius had refused to accept the demand, he excommunicated him, and in response Cerularius excommunicated Humbert and the other legates. According to Kallistos Ware, "Even after 1054 friendly relations between East and West continued. The two parts of Christendom were not yet conscious of a great gulf of separation between them ... The dispute remained something of which ordinary Christians in East and West were largely unaware".

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👉 Rome–Constantinople schism of 1054 in the context of Persecution of Christians

The persecution of Christians can be traced from the first century of the Christian era to the present day. Christian missionaries and converts to Christianity have both been targeted for persecution, sometimes to the point of being martyred for their faith, ever since the emergence of Christianity.

Early Christians were persecuted at the hands of both Jews, from whose religion Christianity arose, and the Romans who controlled many of the early centers of Christianity in the Roman Empire. Since the emergence of Christian states in Late Antiquity, Christians have also been persecuted by other Christians due to differences in doctrine which have been declared heretical. Early in the fourth century, the empire's official persecutions were ended by the Edict of Serdica in 311 and the practice of Christianity legalized by the Edict of Milan in 312. By the year 380, Christians had begun to persecute each other. The schisms of late antiquity and the Middle Ages – including the Rome–Constantinople schisms and the many Christological controversies – together with the later Protestant Reformation provoked severe conflicts between Christian denominations. During these conflicts, members of the various denominations frequently persecuted each other and engaged in sectarian violence.

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In this Dossier
LINKED FROM (PARENTS)
← Persecution of Christians ← Persecution of Christians in Syria
LINKS TO (CHILDREN)
Communion (Christian) → Catholic Church → Eastern Orthodox Church → Eastern Orthodox – Roman Catholic ecclesiastical differences → Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church → Greek East and Latin West → Procession of the Holy Spirit → Filioque → Leavened → Unleavened bread → Eucharist → Iconoclasm → Charlemagne → Holy Roman Emperor → Pope → Papal supremacy → See of Constantinople → Pentarchy → Michael I Cerularius → Constantinople → Papal legate → Leo IX → Ecumenical patriarch → Byzantine emperor → Constantine IX Monomachos → Norman conquest of southern Italy → Leo of Ohrid → Byzantine Empire → Holy Roman Empire → Normans → Humbert of Silva Candida → O.S.B. → Excommunication (Catholic Church) → Kallistos Ware →