In phonetics, preaspiration (sometimes spelled pre-aspiration) is a period of voicelessness or aspiration preceding the closure of a voiceless obstruent, basically equivalent to an [h]-like sound preceding the obstruent. In other words, when an obstruent is preaspirated, the glottis is opened for some time before the obstruent closure. To mark preaspiration using the International Phonetic Alphabet, the diacritic for regular aspiration, ⟨ʰ⟩, can be placed before the preaspirated consonant. However, Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:70) prefer to use a simple cluster notation, e.g. ⟨hk⟩ instead of ⟨ʰk⟩.
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👉 Preaspiration in the context of Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet
The Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for Disordered Speech, commonly abbreviated extIPA /ɛkˈstaɪpə/, are a set of letters and diacritics devised by the 1989 Kiel Convention and later by the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association (ICPLA) to augment the International Phonetic Alphabet for the phonetic transcription of disordered speech. Some of its symbols are also used to represent features of normal speech in IPA transcriptions, and are accepted for that purpose by the International Phonetic Association.
Many sounds found only in disordered speech are indicated with diacritics, though an increasing number of dedicated letters are used as well. Special letters are included to transcribe the speech of people with lisps and cleft palates. The extIPA repeats several traditional IPA diacritics that the ICPLA has found are unfamiliar to most speech pathologists but which transcribe features that are common in disordered speech. These include preaspiration ⟨ʰ◌⟩, linguolabials ⟨◌̼⟩, laminal fricatives [s̻, z̻], and ⟨*⟩ for a sound (segment or feature) that has no available symbol (letter or diacritic). The novel transcription ⟨ɹ̈⟩ is used for an English molar-r, as opposed to ⟨ɹ̺⟩ for an apical r; these articulations are acoustically indistinguishable and so are rarely identified in non-disordered speech.
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Preaspiration in the context of Aspirated consonant
In phonetics, aspiration is a strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most North American languages, South Asian languages and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.