The Panjdeh incident (spelled Penjdeh in older accounts, and known in Russian historiography as the battle of the Kushka) was an armed engagement between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Russian Empire in 1885 that led to a diplomatic crisis between Great Britain and the Russian Empire regarding the Russian expansion south-eastwards towards the Emirate of Afghanistan and the British Raj (India). After nearly completing the Russian conquest of Central Asia (Russian Turkestan), the Russians captured an Afghan border fort, threatening British interests in the area. Seeing this as a threat to India, Britain prepared for war but both sides backed down and the matter was settled diplomatically, with the Russians and Afghans exchanging territories. The incident halted further Russian expansion in Asia, except for the Pamir Mountains, and resulted in the definition of the north-western border of Afghanistan.
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👉 Panjdeh incident in the context of Afghanistan War
War in Afghanistan, Afghan war, or Afghan civil war may refer to:
- Conquest of Afghanistan by Alexander the Great (330 BC–327 BC), the conquest of Afghanistan by the Macedonian Empire
- Muslim conquests of Afghanistan, a series of campaigns in the 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th centuries
- Mongol campaigns in Central Asia (1216–1222), the conquest of Afghanistan by the Mongol Empire
- Mughal conquests in Afghanistan (1526), the conquest by the Mughal Empire
- Afghan-Sikh Wars (1748–1837), intermittent wars between the Afghans and the Punjabis.
- Afghan Civil War (1863–1869), a civil war between Sher Ali Khan and Mohammad Afzal Khan's faction after the death of Dost Mohammad Khan
- Panjdeh incident (1885), an incursion into Afghanistan by the Russian Empire during the era of the "Great Game"
- Anglo−Afghan Wars, wars conducted by British India in Afghanistan 1839–1919)
- First Anglo−Afghan War (1839–1842)
- Second Anglo−Afghan War (1878–1880)
- Third Anglo−Afghan War (1919)
- Afghan Civil War (1928–1929), revolts by the Shinwari and the Saqqawists; the Saqqawists take over Kabul for a 9-month period
- Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929), an invasion by the Soviet Union against the Saqqawists in support of the royalists
- Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes (1947–present)
- Afghan conflict
- 1973 Afghan coup d'état
- 1975 Panjshir Valley uprising
- Afghan coup d'état (1976)
- Saur Revolution (1978)
- Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989)
- Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
- Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)
- Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)
- War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
- Islamic State–Taliban conflict (2015–present)
- Republican insurgency in Afghanistan (2021–present)
- Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes (1947–present)
Panjdeh incident in the context of Afghan Boundary Commission
The Afghan Boundary Commission (or Joint Anglo-Russian Boundary Commission) was a joint effort by the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire to determine the northern border of Afghanistan. The Boundary Commission traveled and documented the northern border area during 1884, 1885, and 1886.
The commission was accompanied by Kazi Saad-ud-Din as the representative of the Amir of Afghanistan, but the Afghans did not have a real say in the matter. Tensions between Britain, Russia and Afghanistan grew in 1885, especially in the aftermath of the Panjdeh incident, in which several hundred Afghans were killed by a Russian army, witnessed by several members of the commission. From March until September, it seemed likely that this would lead to war between Russia and Britain, with the Commission at the epicentre (Britain controlled Afghanistan's foreign affairs following the Treaty of Gandamak). However, war was eventually averted.
Panjdeh incident in the context of Musalla Complex
The Musalla complex (Pashto: د مصلی ترکيبي, Dari: مجتمع مصلی; lit. 'prayer complex'), also known as the Musallah complex or the Musalla of Gawhar Shah, is a former Islamic religious complex located in Herat, Afghanistan, containing examples of Timurid architecture. Much of the 15th-century complex is in ruins today, and the buildings that still stand are in need of restoration. The complex ruins consist of the five Musallah Minarets of Herat, the Mir Ali Sher Navai mausoleum, the Gawhar Shad Mausoleum, the ruins of the Gawhar Shad mosque, the Gawhar Shad madrasa complex, and the Sultan Husayn Bayqara madrasa and mausoleum complex.
Construction on the complex began in 1417 under Queen Gawharshad, the wife of Timurid ruler Shah Rukh, and ended in the late 1400s with the building of a madrassa by Sultan Husayn Bayqara. It was seriously damaged in 1885 during the Panjdeh incident, when the British and ruling Emir of Afghanistan demolished most of the complex buildings. Due to earthquakes and war, four additional minarets fell during the course of the 20th century.