Orography is the study of the topographic relief of mountains, and can more broadly include hills, and any part of a region's elevated terrain. Orography (also known as oreography, orology, or oreology) falls within the broader discipline of geomorphology. The term orography comes from the Greek: όρος, hill, γράφω, to write.
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👉 Orography in the context of Hills of Kiev
Kyiv Mountains or Kyiv Hills (Ukrainian: Київські гори, Київські пагорби, romanized: Kyivski hory, Kyivski pahorby) is a term used in journalism and literature for hills and highlands around the city of Kyiv that range from approximately 150 to almost 200 meters. The city of Kyiv is located within borders of three orographic regions: Dnieper Upland (Cisdnieper Upland) and Polesian and Dnieper lowlands. The hills are located in northern part of the Kyiv plateau where the Dnieper Upland slopes down towards the Dnieper river valley and the Kyiv Polesia. The highest marks recorded in central and southwestern parts of the city (within the Dnieper Upland, particularly the Kyiv plateau).
Hilly landscape is the reason for the unusual depths and two-fold escalators of underground Kyiv Metro (subway) stations in the city center (with the deepest one, Arsenalna, measuring 105.5 metres).
In this Dossier
Orography in the context of Aubach (Wiehl)
The Aubach is an orographically left tributary of the River Wiehl in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Orography in the context of Kahoʻolawe
Kahoʻolawe is the smallest of the eight main volcanic islands of the Hawaiian Islands. Unpopulated, it lies about seven miles (11 km) southwest of Maui. The island is 11 mi (18 km) long by 6.0 mi (9.7 km) wide, with a total land area of 44.97 sq mi (116.47 km). Its highest point is the crater of Lua Makika, at the summit of Puʻu Moaulanui, about 1,477 feet (450 m) above sea level.
Kahoʻolawe is relatively dry, with an average annual rainfall of less than 26 in (66 cm) resulting from a combination of being too low to generate much orographic precipitation from the northeastern trade winds and lying in the rain shadow of eastern Maui's 10,023-foot-high (3,055 m) volcano, Haleakalā. More than one quarter of Kahoʻolawe has been eroded down to saprolitic hardpan soil, largely on exposed surfaces near the summit.
Orography in the context of Ozernaya (river, Sea of Okhotsk)
Ozyornaya (Russian: Озёрная, lit. 'Lake-river') is a river in the Kamchatka Krai of Russia. It originates in Lake Kurile and flows west to the Sea of Okhotsk.
The length of the river is 48 km (30 mi), and the area of the drainage basin is 1,030 km (400 sq mi). Despite the small area of its basin, the average annual discharge of water near the sea reaches 30 m/s (1,100 cu ft/s). The significant amount of precipitation in this area ensures an abundant flow of water in the river and is due both to the geographical location near the Pacific Ocean and to the mountainous orography of the basin. The annual amount of precipitation on the Kurile Lake is 1,400 millimetres (55 in); it can significantly exceed this figure in mountainous areas. Precipitation mostly falls in the autumn and mostly in the form of snow in the mountains, which melts in the following summer without forming any noticeable glaciers.
Orography in the context of Orographic lift
Orographic lift occurs when an air mass is forced from a low elevation to a higher elevation as it moves over rising terrain. Orography is the study of the topographic relief of mountains. As the air mass gains altitude it quickly cools down adiabatically, which can raise the relative humidity to 100% and create clouds and, under the right conditions, precipitation.
Orographic lifting can have a number of effects, including precipitation, rain shadowing, leeward winds, and associated clouds.