Mataram kingdom in the context of "Preman (Indonesian gangster)"

The Shailendra dynasty (IAST: Śailēndra, Indonesian pronunciation: [ʃaɪlenˈdraː] derived from Sanskrit combined words Śaila and Indra, meaning "King of the Mountain", also spelled Sailendra, Syailendra or Selendra) was the name of a notable Indianised dynasty that emerged in 8th-century Java, whose reign signified a cultural renaissance in the region. The Shailendras were active promoters of Mahayana Buddhism and covered the Kedu Plain of Central Java with Buddhist monuments, one of which is the colossal stupa of Borobudur, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Shailendras are considered to have been a thalassocracy and ruled vast swathes of maritime Southeast Asia; however, they also relied on agricultural pursuits, by way of intensive rice cultivation on the Kedu Plain of Central Java. The dynasty appeared to be the ruling family of the Mataram kingdom of Central Java, and for some period, the Srivijaya Kingdom in Sumatra.

The 9th century was a period from 801 (represented by the Roman numerals DCCCI) through 900 (CM) in accordance with the Julian calendar.

The Carolingian Renaissance and the Viking raids occurred within this period. In the Middle East, the House of Wisdom was founded in Abbasid Baghdad, attracting many scholars to the city. The field of algebra was founded by the Muslim polymath al-Khwarizmi. The most famous Islamic scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal was tortured and imprisoned by Abbasid official Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad during the reign of Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim and caliph al-Wathiq. In Southeast Asia, the Mataram kingdom reached its zenith, while Burma would see the establishment of the major kingdom of Pagan. Tang China started the century with the effective rule of Emperor Xianzong and ended it with the Huang Chao Rebellion. In America, the Maya experienced widespread political collapse in the central Maya region, resulting in internecine warfare, the abandonment of cities, and a northward shift of population.

Kakawin Ramayana is an Old Javanese poem rendering of the Sanskrit Ramayana in kakawin meter.

Kakawin Rāmâyaṇa is a kakawin, the Javanese form of kāvya, a poem modeled on traditional Sanskritam meters. It is believed to have been written in Central Java (modern Indonesia) in approximately the late ninth or early tenth century, during the era of Mataram kingdom. According to its latest English translator, Stuart Robson: "the Old Javanese Rāmāyaṇa was written between 856 and about 930, with the likelihood that the last section was added in the period 900-930."

Sanjaya (Sanskrit: सञ्जय, romanized: sañjaya, lit. 'conquest, victory, triumphant'; 716 AD – 746) was the founder of the Mataram kingdom during the 8th century. His name was carved in the Sanskrit Canggal inscription which was found at the Gunung Wukir temple that stood on Wukir or Ukir hill (about 340 m (1,120 ft) high) on the southern Kedu Plain in Central Java.

Another recorded source of Sanjaya's history and his successors is found in the Balitung charter and the Wanua Tengah III inscription. In the Mantyasih inscription, King Balitung mentions what is called 'the builders of keraton', starting from Rakai Mataram (Sanjaya) and followed successively by Maharaja Rakai Panangkaran, Panunggalan, Warak, Garung, Rakai Pikatan, Kayuwangi, Watuhumalang and Watukura (which is Balitung himself). Several inscriptions of Balitung's successor, Daksha, used a dating system based on the year of Sanjaya's accession, which L.C. Damais has calculated as 638 Śaka (716 AD).

The Ishana dynasty, rulers of the Kingdom of Mataram, was a dynasty of the Hindu Mataram kingdom on the island of Java. Ishana (Sanskrit: ईशान, IAST: Īśāna, Indonesian: Isyana) refers to a Hindu god who is often considered to be one of the forms of the Hindu destroyer god Shiva. It followed the Sanjaya dynasty and was established by Mpu Sindok, who moved the capital of the Mataram Kingdom from Central Java to East Java around the year 929. Coedes states, "Sindok, under his reign name Sri Isyana Vikramadharmatungadeva, was always considered the founder of Javanese power in the east of the island." Mpu Sindok's daughter and successor was Isanatungavijaya, who in turn was succeeded by her son Makutavamsavardhana, followed by Dharmawangsa. Pucangan inscription describes the reign of the Isyana dynasty that came to an end when the revolt against a vassal King Wurawari of Lwaram attacked and destroyed the capital in 1016.

Eventually, the ruler Airlangga restored and reunited the kingdom as Kahuripan. Airlangga's heirs ruled the Kingdom of Kediri and are thought to be the continuation of the Isyana dynasty.