Marie Curie in the context of "List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry"

The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, sometimes League of Nations Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, was an advisory organisation for the League of Nations which promoted international exchange between scientists, researchers, teachers, artists and intellectuals. Established in 1922, it counted such figures as Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Nitobe Inazo, Marie Curie, Gonzague de Reynold, Leonardo Torres Quevedo, and Robert A. Millikan among its members.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry, which consists of five members elected by the academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.

The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands, "for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions". From 1901 to 2024, the award has been bestowed on a total of 195 individuals. The 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Demis Hassabis and John Jumper for protein structure prediction and to David Baker for Computational Protein Design. As of 2022, eight women had won the prize: Marie Curie (1911), her daughter Irène Joliot-Curie (1935), Dorothy Hodgkin (1964), Ada Yonath (2009), Frances Arnold (2018), Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna (2020), and Carolyn R. Bertozzi (2022).

In mathematics, a relation denotes some kind of relationship between two objects in a set, which may or may not hold. As an example, "is less than" is a relation on the set of natural numbers; it holds, for instance, between the values 1 and 3 (denoted as 1 < 3), and likewise between 3 and 4 (denoted as 3 < 4), but not between the values 3 and 1 nor between 4 and 4, that is, 3 < 1 and 4 < 4 both evaluate to false.As another example, "is sister of" is a relation on the set of all people, it holds e.g. between Marie Curie and Bronisława Dłuska, and likewise vice versa.Set members may not be in relation "to a certain degree" – either they are in relation or they are not.

Formally, a relation R over a set X can be seen as a set of ordered pairs (x,y) of members of X.The relation R holds between x and y if (x,y) is a member of R.For example, the relation "is less than" on the natural numbers is an infinite set R_less of pairs of natural numbers that contains both (1,3) and (3,4), but neither (3,1) nor (4,4).The relation "is a nontrivial divisor of" on the set of one-digit natural numbers is sufficiently small to be shown here:R_dv = { (2,4), (2,6), (2,8), (3,6), (3,9), (4,8) }; for example 2 is a nontrivial divisor of 8, but not vice versa, hence (2,8) ∈ R_dv, but (8,2) ∉ R_dv.

Radium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ra and atomic number 88. It is the sixth element in group 2 of the periodic table, also known as the alkaline earth metals. Pure radium is silvery-white, but it readily reacts with nitrogen (rather than oxygen) upon exposure to air, forming a black surface layer of radium nitride (Ra₃N₂). All isotopes of radium are radioactive, the most stable isotope being radium-226 with a half-life of 1,600 years. When radium decays, it emits ionizing radiation as a by-product, which can excite fluorescent chemicals and cause radioluminescence. For this property, it was widely used in self-luminous paints following its discovery. Of the radioactive elements that occur in quantity, radium is considered particularly toxic, and it is carcinogenic due to the radioactivity of both it and its immediate decay product radon as well as its tendency to accumulate in the bones.

Radium, in the form of radium chloride, was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 from ore mined at Jáchymov. They extracted the radium compound from uraninite and published the discovery at the French Academy of Sciences five days later. Radium was isolated in its metallic state by Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne through the electrolysis of radium chloride in 1910, and soon afterwards the metal started being produced on larger scales in Austria, the United States, and Belgium. However, the amount of radium produced globally has always been small in comparison to other elements, and by the 2010s, annual production of radium, mainly via extraction from spent nuclear fuel, was less than 100 grams.

Antoine Henri Becquerel (/ˌbɛkəˈrɛl/ bek-uh-REL; French: [ɑ̃twan ɑ̃ʁi bɛkʁɛl]; 15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French experimental physicist who shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with Marie and Pierre Curie for his discovery of radioactivity.

Pierre Curie (/ˈkjʊəri, kjʊˈri/ KYOOR-ee, kyoo-REE; French: [pjɛʁ kyʁi]; 15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist and chemist, and a pioneer in crystallography and magnetism. He shared one half of the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie Curie, for their work on radioactivity. With their win, the Curies became the first married couple to win a Nobel Prize, launching the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes.

The Sorbonne Faculty of Science and Engineering (in French: Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie de Sorbonne Université) is the second largest of Sorbonne University's three major faculties, in terms of the number of students enrolled. Formed in 1808 as the Faculty of Science of the University of Paris, it became an autonomous university between 1970 and 2017 under the name of the Pierre and Marie Curie University, before becoming a faculty again when it joined the new Sorbonne University. Marie Curie and Pierre Curie are considered the founders of the modern-day Faculty of Science and Engineering of Sorbonne University.

It has been located on the Jussieu Campus since 1956, in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, bordering the historic Latin Quarter to the west. It also has four satellite campuses in various regions of France: Roscoff in Brittany, Banyuls-sur-Mer in the Pyrenees and Villefranche-sur-Mer in the Alpes Maritimes.

Bronisława Dłuska (Polish pronunciation: [brɔɲiˈswava ˈdwuska]; née Skłodowska; 28 March 1865 – 15 April 1939) was a Polish physician, and co-founder and first director of Warsaw's Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology.

She was married to political activist Kazimierz Dłuski, and was an older sister of physicist Marie Curie.

Radium chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula RaCl₂. It is a radium salt of hydrogen chloride. It was the first radium compound isolated in a pure state. Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne used it in their original separation of radium from barium. The first preparation of radium metal was by the electrolysis of a solution of this salt using a mercury cathode.