Macedon (ancient kingdom) in the context of "Second century BC"

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⭐ Core Definition: Macedon (ancient kingdom)

Macedonia (/ˌmæsɪˈdoʊniə/ MASS-ih-DOH-nee-ə; Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía), also called Macedon (/ˈmæsɪdɒn/ MASS-ih-don), was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece. The kingdom was founded and initially ruled by the royal Argead dynasty, which was followed by the Antipatrid and Antigonid dynasties. Home to the ancient Macedonians, the earliest kingdom was centred on the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula, and bordered by Epirus to the southwest, Illyria to the northwest, Paeonia to the north, Thrace to the east and Thessaly to the south.

Before the 4th century BC, Macedonia was a small kingdom with its capital at Aigai, outside of the area dominated by the great city-states of Athens, Sparta and Thebes, and briefly subordinate to the Achaemenid Empire. During the reign of the Argead king Philip II (359–336 BC), Macedonia with its capital at Pella, subdued mainland Greece and the Thracian Odrysian kingdom through conquest and diplomacy. With a reformed army containing phalanxes wielding the sarissa pike, Philip II defeated the old powers of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC. Philip II's son Alexander the Great, leading a federation of Greek states, accomplished his father's objective of commanding the whole of Greece when he destroyed Thebes after the city revolted. During Alexander's subsequent campaign of conquest, he overthrew the Achaemenid Empire and conquered territory that stretched as far as the Indus River. For a brief period, his Macedonian Empire was the most powerful in the world – the definitive Hellenistic state, inaugurating the transition to a new period of Ancient Greek civilization. Greek arts and literature flourished in the new conquered lands and advances in philosophy, engineering, and science spread across the empire and beyond. Of particular importance were the contributions of Aristotle, tutor to Alexander, whose writings became a keystone of Western philosophy.

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👉 Macedon (ancient kingdom) in the context of Second century BC

The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, although depending on the region being studied, other terms may be more suitable. It is also considered to be the end of the Axial Age. In the context of the Eastern Mediterranean, it is the mid-point of the Hellenistic period.

Fresh from its victories in the Second Punic War, the Roman Republic continued its expansion in the western Mediterranean, campaigning in the Iberian Peninsula throughout the century and annexing the North African coast after the destruction of the city of Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War. They became the dominant force in the Aegean by destroying Antigonid Macedonia in the Macedonian Wars and Corinth in the Achaean War. The Hellenistic kingdoms of Ptolemaic Egypt and Attalid Pergamon entered into subordinate relationships with the Romans – Pergamon was eventually annexed. The end of the century witnessed the evolution of the Roman army from a citizen army into a voluntary professional force, which later scholars would misattribute to putative reforms by noted general and statesman Gaius Marius (the so-called Marian Reforms).

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LINKED FROM (PARENTS)
← Second century BC ← 2nd century BC
LINKS TO (CHILDREN)
Greek language → Classical antiquity → Monarchy → Archaic Greece → Classical Greece → Hellenistic Greece → History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom) → Argead dynasty → Antipatrid dynasty → Antigonid dynasty → Ancient Macedonians → Greek peninsula → Epirus (ancient state) → Illyria → Paeonia (kingdom) → Thrace → Ancient Thessaly → Aegae (Macedonia) → City-states → Classical Athens → Sparta → Classical Thebes → Achaemenid Macedonia → Achaemenid Empire → Philip II of Macedon → Pella → Rise of Macedon → Odrysian kingdom → Ancient Macedonian army → Macedonian phalanx → Sarissa → Second Athenian League → Theban hegemony → Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) → Alexander the Great → League of Corinth → Battle of Thebes → Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia → Wars of Alexander the Great → Indus River → Hellenistic period → Culture of ancient Greece → Hellenistic art → Hellenistic literature → Ancient Greek philosophy → Ancient Greek engineering → Ancient Greek science → Aristotle → Aristotelianism → Western philosophy →