This article lists the heads of state of Afghanistan since the foundation of the first modern Afghan state, the Hotak Empire, in 1709.
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ð List of monarchs of Afghanistan in the context of Durand Line
The Durand Line, also known as the AfghanistanâPakistan border, is a 2,640-kilometre (1,640Â mi) international border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. India also claims a land border with Afghanistan, on the eastern end of the Durand Line, between Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor and Gilgit, administered by Pakistan but also claimed by India as part of the disputed Kashmir region. The western end runs to the border with Iran and the eastern end to the border with China.
The Durand Line was established in 1893 as the international border between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the British Indian Empire by Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat of the Indian Civil Service, and Abdur Rahman Khan, the Emir of Afghanistan, to fix the limit of their respective spheres of influence and improve diplomatic relations and trade. Britain considered Afghanistan to be an independent state at the time, although they controlled its foreign affairs and diplomatic relations.
In this Dossier
List of monarchs of Afghanistan in the context of Dost Mohammad Khan
Dost Mohammad Khan Barakzai, (23 December 1792 â 9 June 1863) nicknamed the Great Emir, was the founder of the Barakzai dynasty and one of the prominent rulers of Afghanistan during the First Anglo-Afghan War. With the decline of the Durrani dynasty, he succeeded his brother Sultan Mohammad Khan, and became the Emir of Afghanistan in 1826. An ethnic Pashtun, he belonged to the Mohammadzai branch of the Barakzai tribe. He was the 11th son of Payandah Khan, chief of the Barakzai Pashtuns, who was killed in 1800 by King Zaman Shah Durrani.
At the beginning of his rule, the Afghans lost their former stronghold of Peshawar Valley in March 1823 to the Sikh Khalsa Army of Ranjit Singh at the Battle of Nowshera. The Afghan forces in the battle were led by Mohammad Azim Khan, half-brother of Dost Mohammad Khan. By the end of his reign, he had reunited the principalities of Kandahar and Herat with Kabul. Dost had ruled for a lengthy 36 years, a span exceeded only by Mohammad Zahir Shah more than a century later.
List of monarchs of Afghanistan in the context of Afghan passport
Afghan passports are international travel documents issued by the Ministry of Interior or sometimes by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to nationals and citizens of Afghanistan. Every person with a valid electronic Afghan identity card (e-Tazkira) can apply for and receive an Afghan passport, which is renewable every 5â10 years.
The Afghan passport was introduced by Emir Abdur Rahman Khan in 1880. The country began issuing biometric passports in September 2011 to diplomats and public servants, and in March 2013 for the general public. Abdul Karim Hasib is the current director of the General Directorate of Passports. His predecessor was Alam Gul Haqqani.