Karelian Proper (Karelian Proper: varšinaiskarjala, varzinkarjala) is a supradialect of the Karelian language, which is a Finnic language. Karelian Proper is one of two or three Karelian dialects, along with Livvi-Karelian and Ludic. Karelian Proper is a direct descendent of the Old Karelian language, compared to Livvi-Karelian and Ludian supradialects which were formed through interactions between the Old Karelian and the Old Veps languages. Karelian Proper is situated in all of White Karelia and Central Karelia (parts of Olonets Karelia).
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👉 Karelian Proper language in the context of Karelian language
Karelian (/kəˈriːliən, kəˈriːljən/; Karelian Proper and Livvi-Karelian: karjala, karjalan kieli; Ludian: kard'al, kard'alan kiel'; Tver Karelian: kariela, karielan kieli) is a Finnic language spoken mainly by the Karelian people in the Russian Republic of Karelia. Linguistically, Karelian is closely related to the Finnish dialects spoken in eastern Finland, and some Finnish linguists have even classified Karelian as a dialect of Finnish, but nowadays it is widely considered a separate language. Karelian is not to be confused with the Southeastern dialects of Finnish, sometimes referred to as karjalaismurteet ("Karelian dialects") in Finland. In the Russian 2020–2021 census, around 9,000 people spoke Karelian natively, but around 14,000 said they were able to speak the language. There are around 11,000 speakers of Karelian in Finland, and around 30,000 people in Finland have at least some knowledge of Karelian.
The Karelian language is a group of two supradialects. The two supradialects are Karelian Proper (which comprises Northern Karelian and South Karelian (including the Tver enclave dialects)) and Olonets Karelian (Livvi Karelian). The Ludic language is sometimes considered one more dialect of Karelian, sometimes a separate language. There is no single standard Karelian language, so each writer writes in Karelian according to their own dialectal form. All variants are written with the Latin-based Karelian alphabet, though the Cyrillic script has been used in the past.
In this Dossier
- ⭐ Core Definition: Karelian Proper language
- 👉 Karelian Proper language in the context of Karelian language
- Karelian Proper language in the context of Tver Karelian dialect
- Karelian Proper language in the context of Northern Karelian dialect
- Karelian Proper language in the context of South Karelian dialect
Karelian Proper language in the context of Tver Karelian dialect
The Tver Karelian dialect is a dialect of the Karelian language spoken in the Tver Oblast. It is descended from 17th century South Karelian speakers who migrated to the Tver region.
Although Tver Karelian descents from Karelian Proper, it often contains many differences from other Karelian Proper dialects. The Tver Karelian dialect contains very strong influences from the Russian language, especially in the phonetics of the dialect.
Karelian Proper language in the context of Northern Karelian dialect
Northern Karelian (also called: White Sea Karelian, Viena Karelian and North Karelian) (North Karelian: Vienankarjala) is one of the two dialects of Karelian Proper. Northern Karelian is spoken in White Karelia, and is spoken by some in Hietajärvi, Kuivajärvi and Kuhmo in Finland. Northern Karelian is the most mutually intelligible Karelian dialect to Finnish Language speakers.
Northern Karelian differs from South Karelian due to its inclusion of the voiceless consonants p, t, k, s and š. It also differs due to its more common usage of the š [sh/see] letter more than in other Karelian dialects.
Karelian Proper language in the context of South Karelian dialect
South Karelian (South Karelian: Suvikarjala) is the most spoken of the two dialects of Karelian Proper, and it is spoken in the Republic of Karelia and in the Tver Oblast. South Karelian was also previously spoken in Border Karelia when it was part of Finland. Many speakers of the South Karelian dialect were evacuated from Finnish Karelia into other areas of Finland during the 20th century, where a number of speakers are still retained. South Karelian displays a higher degree of regional variation than any other Karelian dialect.
The Karelian enclave dialects such as Tikhvin, Valday and Tver Karelian are also derived from South Karelian.