Ancient Ionia in the context of "Pygela"

Panormus or Panormos (Ancient Greek: Πάνορμος) was a small town of ancient Ionia, the port of Ephesus formed by the mouth of the Caystrus (the modern Küçükmenderes River), near which stood the celebrated temple of the Ephesian Artemis. Panormos was destroyed by the Spartan king Agis in C. Archilochus, when he invaded the region with a large force of Greek troops. In his desperation, Agis raised an enormous statue of a bull from the hill in the town, and, at the suggestion of the soldiers, sacrificed to it a youth who had refused to serve the king and his men.

Leucophrys or Leukophrys (Ancient Greek: Λευκόφρυς) was a town of the ancient Ionia, and earlier of Caria in the plain of the Maeander river. It was on the borders of a lake, whose water was hot and in constant commotion. The town possessed a very revered sanctuary of Artemis; hence surnamed Artemis Leucophryene or Leucophryne. The poet Nicander spoke of Leucophrys as a place distinguished for its fine roses. Xenophon records that, in 398 BCE, Leucophrys was the site to which the Greek troops, under the command of the Spartan Dercylidas withdrew after the meeting between them and the troops of Achaemenid Empire led by the satraps Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus II. The next day in the place they had agreed to, they negotiated peace. The Persians would allow the Greek cities to be autonomous and the Greek army and the Laconian harmosts would return across the Aegean Sea.

Its site was later occupied by Magnesia ad Maeandrum.

Heraclea at Latmus or Heraclea under Latmus (Ancient Greek: Ἡράκλεια πρὸς Λάτμῳ or Ἡράκλεια ὑπὸ Λάτμῳ, romanized: Herakleia pros Latmo or Herakleia hupo Latmo; Latin: Heraclea ad Latmum), or simply Heraclea or Herakleia (Ἡράκλεια), also transliterated as Heracleia, was an ancient town situated at the western foot of Mount Latmus, on the border between Caria and Ionia in southwestern Asia Minor (modern Turkey). The site, now occupied by the modern village of Kapıkırı, stands on the shore of Lake Bafa, which in antiquity was part of the Gulf of Latmus before it was silted up by deposits from the river Maeander. Substantial remains of the city and its fortifications still survive.