First Spanish Republic in the context of "Restoration (Spain)"

Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón (né Martínez y Campos; 14 December 1831 – 23 September 1900), was a Spanish officer who rose against the First Spanish Republic in a military revolution in 1874 and restored Spain's Bourbon dynasty. Later, he became Captain-General of Cuba. Martínez Campos took part in wars in Africa, Mexico and Cuba and in the Third Carlist War.

Catalan nationalism promotes the idea that the Catalan people form a distinct nation and national identity. A related term is Catalanism (Catalan: catalanisme, Spanish: catalanismo), which is more related to regionalism and tends to have a wider meaning; most people who define themselves as Catalanist do not necessarily identify as Catalan nationalists.

Intellectually, modern Catalan nationalism can be said to have commenced as a political philosophy in the unsuccessful attempts to establish a federal state in Spain in the context of the First Republic (1873-1874). Valentí Almirall i Llozer and other intellectuals that participated in this process set up a new political ideology in the 19th century, to restore self-government, as well as to obtain recognition for the Catalan language. These demands were summarized in the so-called Bases de Manresa in 1892.

Catalan Republic or Catalan State refers to Catalonia at various times when it was proclaimed or briefly established either an independent republic or as a republic within a Spanish federal republic:

• Catalan Republic (1640–1641), an independent state under French protection during the Reapers' War, but shortly thereafter put in a personal union with the Kingdom of France.
• Catalan State (1873), an attempt to proclaim a federated state within the First Spanish Republic.
• Catalan Republic (1931), a proclaimed state declared in expectations of the imminent formation of an Iberian Confederation of Republics. Within days, the Catalan Republic voluntarily became an autonomous region within the Second Spanish Republic.
• Catalan State (1934), a "Catalan State within the Spanish Federal Republic" proclaimed during the Events of 6 October.
• Catalan Republic (2017), a proposed state declared after the 2017 Catalan independence referendum, and immediately suspended.

Additionally, there were other historical proposals, attempts and ambiguous status regarding a non-monarchical Catalan statehood, among them:

The history of Catalan political nationalism, also referred to as Catalanism (Catalan: catalanisme), traces its origins to the early years of the Bourbon Restoration in Spain following the failure of the federalist system of the short-lived First Spanish Republic. However, its roots extend to the first half of the 19th century, driven by the cultural revival movement known as the Renaixença and opposition to the centralist model of the liberal Spanish state. Historian John H. Elliott notes that the term "Catalanism," previously associated with cultural movements, began to take on significant political meaning during the Revolutionary Sexennium (1868–1874). Specifically, the term "Catalanist" emerged around 1870–1871, used by members of Jove Catalunya [es] and the journal La Renaixensa [es] to signify ambitions beyond mere regionalism. As a political movement, Catalanism solidified in the late 1880s.