Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in the context of "Equal employment opportunity"

In economics, the credibility revolution was the movement towards more rigorous empirical analysis. The movement sought to test economic theory and focused on causative econometric modeling and the use of experimental and quasi experimental methods. These more advanced statistical methods gave economists the ability to make causal claims, as the discipline shifted towards a potential outcome framework.

The revolution began in the 1960s when governments began to ask economists to use their skills in economic modeling, econometrics and research design to collect and analyze government data to improve policy making and enforcement of laws. A good example is research on discrimination carried out by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Grounded in legally required data from all US employers with 100 or more employees, economists, led by Phyllis Wallace, showed systematic discrimination in employment by race and sex. Their work led to successful discrimination cases in the utility, pharmaceutical and textile industries. Francine Blau and others continued to use EEOC and other data to more rigorously test for wage differentials and occupational segregation by race and sex.

LGBT employment discrimination in the United States is illegal under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity is encompassed by the law's prohibition of employment discrimination on the basis of sex. Prior to the landmark cases Bostock v. Clayton County and R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2020), employment protections for LGBT people were patchwork; several states and localities explicitly prohibit harassment and bias in employment decisions on the basis of sexual orientation and/or gender identity, although some only cover public employees. Prior to the Bostock decision, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) interpreted Title VII to cover LGBT employees; the EEOC determined that transgender employees were protected under Title VII in 2012, and extended the protection to encompass sexual orientation in 2015.

Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an American lawyer and jurist who has served since 1991 as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. President George H. W. Bush nominated him to succeed Thurgood Marshall. After Marshall, Thomas is the second African American to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court and has been its longest-serving member since Anthony Kennedy's retirement in 2018. He has also been the Court's oldest member since Stephen Breyer retired in 2022.

Thomas was born in Pin Point, Georgia. After his father abandoned the family, he was raised by his grandfather in a poor Gullah community near Savannah, Georgia. Growing up as a devout Catholic, Thomas originally intended to be a priest in the Catholic Church but became dissatisfied with its efforts to combat racism and abandoned his aspiration to join the clergy. He graduated with honors from the College of the Holy Cross in 1971 and earned his Juris Doctor in 1974 from Yale Law School. Upon graduating, he was appointed as an assistant attorney general in Missouri and later entered private practice there. He became a legislative assistant to U.S. senator John Danforth in 1979, and was made Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights at the U.S. Department of Education in 1981. President Ronald Reagan appointed Thomas as Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) the next year.