A duma (Russian: дума) is a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions.
The term boyar duma is used to refer to advisory councils in Russia from the 10th to 17th centuries. Starting in the 18th century, city dumas were formed across Russia.
Vera Klimentievna Slutskaya (17 September 1874 – 12 November 1917) was a Russian revolutionary and Bolshevik member of the Duma. She participated in the February and October revolutions and was shot by Cossacks near Petrograd during the latter.
Born Bertha Bronislavovna in Mir, in Minsk Governorate, in a middle-class Jewish family, and educated as a dentist. Vera Klimentjevna Slutskaya participated in the revolutionary movement since 1898. After an arrest, criminal proceedings were instituted against her, and in 1901 she was placed under public oversight of the police. In the same year, she joined the Bund - the Jewish Social-Democratic Party, which was an autonomous organization of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP); from 1902 she participated in the general work in the RSDLP, after 1903, close to the Bolsheviks. During the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907, was a member of the combat organization of the RSDLP, took part in the revolutionary struggle in Minsk and St. Petersburg. After being a delegate to the Fifth Congress of the RSDLP (1907), she stayed in Russia and led party work in St. Petersburg.
Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov; 18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918) was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland from 1 November 1894 until his abdication in 1917. His reign of over 22 years marked the final chapter of the Romanov dynasty, which had ruled Russia for more than three centuries. Nicholas married Alix of Hesse (later Alexandra Feodorovna), and they had five children: four daughters, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia, and a son, Alexei, the Tsesarevich.
Born in Tsarskoye Selo, Nicholas was the eldest son of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna. He was educated privately and trained for military service, but was widely considered ill-prepared for the demands of ruling a vast empire. As a constitutional monarch, he resisted political reform and retained autocratic control, despite the establishment of the Duma. His reign saw significant industrial growth and diplomatic engagement, including the Hague Conventions and the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907, but was also marked by domestic unrest, military defeats, and widespread criticism.
From 1711 to 1917, the Governing Senate was the highest legislative, judicial, and executive body subordinate to the Russian emperors. The senate was instituted by Peter the Great to replace the Boyar Duma and lasted until the very end of the Russian Empire. It was chaired by the Procurator General, who served as the link between the sovereign and the Senate; he acted, in the emperor's own words, as "the sovereign's eye".
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The State Duma is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, with the upper house being the Federation Council. It was established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993.
The Duma headquarters are located in central Moscow, a few steps from Manege Square. Its members are referred to as deputies. The State Duma replaced the Supreme Soviet as a result of the new constitution introduced by Boris Yeltsin in the aftermath of the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993, and approved in a nationwide referendum.
The Duma of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Russian: Дума Чукотского автономного округа) is the regional parliament of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, a federal subject of Russia in the far east of the country. Together with the executive and judicial branches, the okrug's duma (assembly) is vested with power to control the okrug's own affairs with high levels of autonomy from Moscow. All members are elected by public vote and are titled as deputies. Deputies currently have a five-year term.