Doxa in the context of Aletheia

In religion, heterodoxy (from Ancient Greek: héteros, 'other, another, different' + dóxa, 'popular belief') means "any opinions or doctrines at variance with an official or orthodox position".

Heterodoxy is also an ecclesiastical jargon term, defined in various ways by different religions and churches. For example, in some groups, heterodoxy may describe beliefs that differ from strictly orthodox views but that fall short either of formal or of material heresy.

A doxology (Ancient Greek: δοξολογία doxologia, from δόξα, doxa 'glory' and -λογία, -logia 'saying') is a short hymn of praises to God in various forms of Christian worship, often added to the end of canticles, psalms, and hymns. The tradition derives from a similar practice in the Jewish synagogue, where some version of the Kaddish serves to terminate each section of the service.

In Hellenistic philosophy, phantasiai (φαντασίαι) are pieces of information received from sense experience. The Pyrrhonists, Epicureans, and Stoics use the term to refer to information received through the senses and arising in thoughts.

In Stoicism, the phantasiai represent pre-cognitive judgments originating from our previous experiences or our subconscious thinking. The founder of Stoicism, Zeno of Citium, suggested that the soul is imprinted by the senses much in the same way as a signet ring imprints its shape in soft wax; all psychological states and activities, such as mental assent, cognition, impulse, and knowledge are all either extensions or responses to phantasiai. According to Epictetus, the sage avoids doxa, a weak or false belief, by withholding assent when conditions do not permit a clear and certain grasp of the truth of a matter. Some phantasiai experienced in perceptually ideal circumstances, however, are so clear and distinct that they could only come from a real object; these were said to be kataleptikê (fit to grasp). The kataleptic phantasiai compels assent by its very clarity and represents the criterion of truth.

Doxastic logic is a type of logic concerned with reasoning about beliefs.

The term doxastic derives from the Ancient Greek δόξα (doxa, "opinion, belief"), from which the English term doxa ("popular opinion or belief") is also borrowed. Typically, a doxastic logic uses the notation ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}_{c}x}$ to mean "reasoner ${\displaystyle c}$ believes that ${\displaystyle x}$ is true", and the set ${\displaystyle \mathbb {B} _{c}:\left\{b_{1},\ldots ,b_{n}\right\}}$ denotes the set of beliefs of ${\displaystyle c}$. In doxastic logic, belief is treated as a modal operator.

Doxastic attitudes are epistemic attitudes which a person can hold towards a proposition. The most commonly discussed doxastic attitude is belief (holding something to be true). Other doxastic attitudes include disbelief (holding something to be false) and suspension of judgment (withholding assent to a proposition without judging it to be true nor false).

The term doxastic is derived from the ancient Greek word δόξα (or doxa), which means "belief". Thus, doxastic attitudes include beliefs and other psychological attitudes which resemble beliefs. Doxastic attitudes in many ways resemble propositional attitudes, although the two concepts are distinct from one another.