Combine (enterprise) in the context of "Volkseigener Betrieb"

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👉 Combine (enterprise) in the context of Volkseigener Betrieb

Volkseigener Betrieb (VEB; German for "Publicly Owned Enterprise") was the main legal form for state-owned enterprises in the planned economy of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). VEBs constituted the majority of the economy of East Germany, including most industrial and service enterprises, and employed 79.9% of the East German workforce by 1989.

VEBs were organised by the State Planning Commission of the Council of Ministers, first into vertically integrated units called Associations of Publicly Owned Enterprises Vereinigung Volkseigener Betriebe (VVBs) until these were reformed into Kombinat by the 1980s. Production and investment were set by the State Planning Commission and ministry industries under the control of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany. VEBs struggled to compete in the market economy during German reunification due to outdated and labour intensive practices, which made many of them unprofitable and heavily in debt. Around 8,000 VEBs were transferred to the Treuhandanstalt for privatisation and most were liquidated from 1990 to 1994.

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Combine (enterprise) in the context of Nalaikh

Nalaikh (Mongolian: Налайх [naɮɛ́χ]) is one of nine districts of Ulaanbaatar. It has an area of 68,700 hectares and a population of 39,579 in 2022 (26,529 in 2005). A former coal-mining town, it consists of Shokhoi, Arjanchivlan, the Terelj holiday center, and other residential areas, as well as a former Soviet military cantonment, including an airfield.

Nalaikh is linked to Ulaanbaatar by a 43-kilometer narrow-gauge railway line, built in July 1938. The line had three stations (Nalaikh; Amgalan, a Ulaanbaatar suburb; and Kombinat, the city's industrial combine) and operated 14 steam locomotives, 16 passenger carriages, 70 goods wagons, 10 platform wagons, and nine fuel tank wagons. Nalaikh now has a broad-gauge branch line (via Khonkhor) to the Trans-Mongolian Railway. The Kapitalnaya shaft went into operation in 1951, and at full capacity produced 600,000 metric tons of coal a year. Nalaikh gained town status in 1962, and was established as a district of Ulaanbaatar in 1992. Since the closure of the coal mine in the 1990s, the district has had a high rate of unemployment.

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