Cognitive map in the context of "Place cells"

Bee learning and communication includes cognitive and sensory processes in all kinds of bees, that is the insects in the seven families making up the clade Anthophila. Some species have been studied more extensively than others, in particular Apis mellifera, or European honey bee. Color learning has also been studied in bumblebees.

Honey bees are sensitive to odors (including pheromones), tastes, and colors, including ultraviolet. They can demonstrate capabilities such as color discrimination through classical and operant conditioning and retain this information for several days at least; they communicate the location and nature of sources of food; they adjust their foraging to the times at which food is available; they may even form cognitive maps of their surroundings. They also communicate with each other by means of a "waggle dance" and in other ways.

Lynn Nadel (born November 12, 1942) is an American psychologist who is the Regents' Professor of psychology at the University of Arizona. Nadel specializes in memory, and has investigated the role of the hippocampus in memory formation. Together with John O'Keefe, he coauthored the influential 1978 book The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map, which defended the theory that the hippocampus learns and stores cognitive maps of portions of space. With Morris Moscovitch, he advanced the multiple trace theory that the hippocampus is always involved in storage and retrieval of episodic memory, but that semantic memory can be established in the neocortex.

Nadel received a Ph.D. from McGill University in 1967, and joined the faculty of the University of Arizona in 1985, where he is now an Emeritus Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Science. Nadel, together with John O'Keefe, received the 2006 Grawemeyer Award for their work in identifying the brain's mapping system. He was named recipient of a 2019 William James Fellow Award from the Association for Psychological Science for his contributions to cognitive psychology. In 2020 he was the recipient of the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the American Psychological Association. He is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences.From 2007 to 2016, Nadel was the founding editor-in-chief of the scientific journal, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science.

In cognitive psychology and neuroscience, spatial memory is a form of memory responsible for the recording and recovery of information needed to plan a course to a location and to recall the location of an object or the occurrence of an event. Spatial memory is necessary for orientation in space. Spatial memory can also be divided into egocentric and allocentric spatial memory. A person's spatial memory is required to navigate in a familiar city. A rat's spatial memory is needed to learn the location of food at the end of a maze. In both humans and animals, spatial memories are summarized as a cognitive map.

Spatial memory has representations within working, short-term memory and long-term memory. Research indicates that there are specific areas of the brain associated with spatial memory. Many methods are used for measuring spatial memory in children, adults, and animals.