Brit milah in the context of "Circumcision of Jesus"

The Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 AD), also known as the Bar Kokhba war, the War of Betar, and the Third (or Second) Jewish–Roman War, was the last and most devastating of three major Jewish rebellions against the Roman Empire. The rebels, led by Simon bar Kokhba, succeeded in establishing an independent Jewish state in Judaea that lasted several years. The revolt was ultimately crushed by the Romans, resulting in the near-depopulation of Judea through mass killings, widespread enslavement, and the displacement of much of the Jewish population.

Resentment toward Roman rule in Judaea and nationalistic aspirations remained high following the destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple during the First Jewish Revolt in 70 AD. The immediate triggers of the Bar Kokhba revolt included Emperor Hadrian's decision to rebuild Jerusalem as Aelia Capitolina, a Roman colony dedicated to Jupiter, extinguishing hopes for the Temple's reconstruction, as well as a possible ban on circumcision. The rebels used guerrilla tactics and underground hideouts embedded in their villages. Simon bar Kokhba was declared "nasi" (prince) of Israel, and the rebels established a full administration, issuing their own weights and coinage. Contemporary documents celebrated a new era of "the redemption of Israel".

A mohel (Hebrew: מוֹהֵל‎ [moˈhel], Ashkenazi pronunciation [ˈmɔɪ.əl], plural: מוֹהֲלִים‎ mohalim [mo.haˈlim], Imperial Aramaic: מוֹהֲלָא‎ mohala, 'circumciser') is a Jewish man trained in the practice of brit milah, the 'covenant of male circumcision'. A woman who is trained in the practice is referred to as a mohelet (pl. mohelot).

Aleinu (Hebrew: עָלֵינוּ, lit. '[it is] upon us'), or Aleinu l'Sh'bei'akh (עָלֵינוּ לְשַׁבֵּחַ, '[it is] upon us to praise [God]'), is a Jewish prayer traditionally recited at the end of most Jewish religious services, including weekday Shacharit, Mincha, and Maariv services; the close of Mussaf services on Shabbat and during festivals; and in the middle of the Rosh Hashanah Mussaf. It is recited following Kiddush levana and brit milah services, as well. It is It is second only to the Kaddish (counting all its forms) as the most frequently recited prayer in the current synagogue liturgy.