Ammonia production takes place worldwide, mostly in large-scale manufacturing plants that produce 240 million metric tonnes of ammonia (2023) annually. Based on the annual production in 2023 the major part (~70%) of the production facilities are based in China (29%), India (9.5%), USA (9.5%), Russia (9.5%), Indonesia (4%), Iran (2,9%), Egypt (2,7%), and middle Saudi Arabia (2,7%). 80% or more of ammonia is used as fertilizer. Ammonia is also used for the production of plastics, fibres, explosives, nitric acid (via the Ostwald process), and intermediates for dyes and pharmaceuticals. The industry contributes 1% to 2% of global CO
2. Between 18β20 Mt of the gas is transported globally each year.
β Core Definition: Ammonia production
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π Ammonia production in the context of Haber process
The Haber process, also called the HaberβBosch process, is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia. It converts atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) by a reaction with hydrogen (H2) using finely divided iron metal as a catalyst:
![{\displaystyle {\mathrm {N} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{2}}{}+{}3\,\mathrm {H} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{2}}{}\mathrel {\longrightleftharpoons } {}2\,\mathrm {NH} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{3}}}\qquad {\Delta H_{\mathrm {298~K} }^{\circ }=-92.28~{\text{kJ per mole of }}{\mathrm {N} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{2}}}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba3d04f7488f3eb39ea50f0c05bccf43243ae4fe)