Aliyah from Ethiopia is the immigration of the Beta Israel people to Israel. Early forms of Zionism have existed in Ethiopia since the mid 19th century, as shown in the 1848 letters from the Beta Israel to Jews in Europe praying for the unification of Jews. A year after the first letter was sent, Daniel Ben Hananiah and his son were sent by the Kahen to Jerusalem and made contact with the Jewish leaders there.
The Beta Israel, or Ethiopian Jews, are a Jewish group originating in the Amhara and Tigray regions of northern Ethiopia, where they were historically spread out across more than 500 small villages. The majority were concentrated in what is today North Gondar Zone, Shire Inda Selassie, Wolqayit, Tselemti, Dembia, Segelt, Quara, and Belesa. A large wave of Aliyah from Ethiopia starting in the 1980s brought most Beta Israel to Israel, and several Israeli government initiatives have facilitated their emigration. The majority of Beta Israel now live in Israel.
As of the end of 2023, approximately 171,600 Jews of Ethiopian descent were living in Israel, including around 93,600 born in Ethiopia and 78,000 born in Israel to Ethiopian-born parents. The Beta Israel community was classed under the 1950 Law of Return in by Yitzhak Rabin, following halakhic and legal debates over their status. Thus, the Israeli government, with support from the United States, began a large-scale secret mission to conduct transport operations and bring the Beta Israel to Israel in multiple waves This decision led to a series of major airlift operations to bring them to Israel, including Operation Moses (1984), Operation Joshua (1985), and Operation Solomon (1991).