Vincenzo II Gonzaga (8 February 1594 – 25 December 1627) was Duke of Mantua and Duke of Montferrat from 1626 until his death.
Vincenzo was the son of Duke Vincent I and Eleonora de' Medici and inherited the duchy upon the death of his elder brother Ferdinand, receiving the imperial investiture on 8 February 1627.
The War of the Mantuan Succession, 1628 to 1631, was caused by the death in December 1627 of Vincenzo II, last male heir from the House of Gonzaga, long-time rulers of Mantua and Montferrat. Their strategic importance led to a proxy war between the French-backed Duke of Nevers, and the Duke of Guastalla, supported by Spain. It is considered a related conflict of the 1618 to 1648 Thirty Years' War.
Fighting centred on the French-held fortress of Casale Monferrato, which the Spanish besieged twice. French intervention on behalf of Nevers in April 1629 led Emperor Ferdinand II to support Spain by transferring troops from Northern Germany. They captured Mantua in July 1630, but failed to take Casale. Ferdinand withdrew his troops in response to Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War, and both sides agreed a truce in October 1630.
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