Suburban rail in the context of History of rail transport in India

Rail transport in India consists of primarily of passenger and freight shipments along an integrated rail network. Indian Railways (IR), a statutory body under the ownership of the Ministry of Railways of the Government of India, operates India's national railway system. It is the primary owner and operator of rail operations throughout the country, including suburban rail in major metros. Economic studies indicate positive effects of the Indian railway network on the economy of the country.

The majority of the metro urban rail networks are operated by independent bodies constituted for the respective operations. Privately owned rails exist in few places, mostly used to connect freight to the integrated rail network. Inter-city rail services are operated primarily by Indian Railways, though efforts have been made to introduce privately operated trains as recently as 2022.

Two major subway systems (Japanese: 地下鉄, Hepburn: chikatetsu) operate in Tokyo: the Tokyo Metro and the Toei Subway. Most of the network is located in the 23 special wards, with portions extending into Chiba and Saitama Prefectures. The subways are one part of Greater Tokyo's passenger rail network, with through service further connecting the subway to suburban railways in Western Tokyo and Kanagawa Prefecture.

The Copenhagen S-train (Danish: S-tog), the S-train of Copenhagen, Denmark, is a key part of public transport in the city. It is a hybrid urban-suburban rail serving most of the Copenhagen urban area, and is analogous to the S-Bahn systems of Berlin, Vienna and Hamburg. The trains connect the Copenhagen inner city with Hillerød, Klampenborg, Frederikssund, Farum, Høje-Taastrup and Køge. There are 170 km (110 mi) of double track with 87 S-train stations, of which eight are in neighbouring towns outside greater Copenhagen.

The S-train is run by DSB S-tog A/S while Banedanmark owns the tracks and signals. Rail services are operated by "Fourth Generation" S-trains divided into 104 8-car train sets (Class SA) and 31 4-car train sets (Class SE).

Saltsjöbanan (lit. 'the Salt Sea Line') is an electrified suburban rail system between Stockholm and Saltsjöbaden in Nacka, Sweden. It is 18.5 kilometres (11.5 mi) in length and has eighteen stations in use. An average of 17,200 boardings are made on an ordinary workday (2019). The line is mostly single-track (with passing loops between Nacka and Saltsjö-Järla, and between Storängen and Saltsjö-Duvnäs), and is isolated from Sweden's national railway network, although both are built to compatible 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge. The Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (SL) classifies it as "light rail" in its maps.

From January 2023 until December 2024, the entire Saltsjöbanan was closed for reconstruction, after the westernmost section from Henriksdal to Slussen had already been suspended since 2016. Services partially resumed on 15 December 2024 between Saltsjö-Järla and Saltsjöbaden as well as between Igelboda and Solsidan, with full service beyond Saltsjö-Jarla to Slussen planned for 2028.

Town Hall railway station is a heritage-listed underground suburban rail station located in the centre of the Sydney central business district in New South Wales, Australia. The station opened on 28 February 1932. It is named after the Sydney Town Hall, located directly above the station.

The Brussels S Train, also known as the Brussels Regional Express Network (French: Réseau Express Régional Bruxellois or RER; Dutch: Gewestelijk ExpresNet or GEN) is a suburban rail system in and around the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium. It will offer fast connections and increased frequency within a 30 km (19 mi) radius of the region, covering a territory inhabited by 2.5 million people.

Most jobs in the Brussels-Capital Region are filled by workers from other regions. Private vehicles clog the city daily, hampering mobility and creating pollution. The RER/GEN is a response to these growing problems. Only 20% of commuters use public transport daily; the goal is to double this figure by facilitating movement into and within the region.