Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm in the context of "Kaykhusraw II"

Alanya (/əˈlɑːnjə/ ; Turkish pronunciation: [aˈɫanja]), formerly Alaiye, is a beach resort city, a municipality and district of Antalya Province, Turkey. It is on the southern coast of Turkey, in the country's Mediterranean Region, 133 kilometres (83 mi) east of the city of Antalya. Its area is 1,577 km, and its population is 364,180 (2022). The city proper has 189,222 inhabitants (2022).

Because of its natural strategic position on a small peninsula into the Mediterranean Sea below the Taurus Mountains, Alanya has been a local stronghold for many Mediterranean-based empires, including the Ptolemaic, Seleucid, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Empires. Alanya's greatest political importance came in the Middle Ages, with the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm under the rule of Alaeddin Kayqubad I, from whom the city derives its name. His building campaign resulted in many of the city's landmarks, such as the Kızıl Kule (Red Tower), Tersane (Shipyard), and Alanya Castle.

The siege of Trebizond from 1205 to 1206 was an attempt by the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm to take the city along the coast of the Black Sea. William Miller explains this action as punishment for "the disobedience of Alexios to his Kaykhusraw I commands."

Michel Kuršanskis explains that this unsuccessful siege was in response to the Trapezuntine ally, Queen Tamar of Georgia, who had attempted to capture Erzurum in 1205 but failed. When Sultan Kaykhusraw began his punitive campaign against Trebizond, he found his route limited to a few passes in the Pontic Alps, where the locals harassed his forces. Further, Alexios could respond to his attacks by "closing the sea" to all merchants, who could neither travel to the Crimea nor return from there. According to Ali ibn al-Athir, merchants from throughout the Middle East suffered a severe injury because of his siege of Trebizond. When they met at the great fair in Sivas, they delivered their complaints to the sultan in loud shouts.

The following is a list of the Seljuk Sultans of Rum, from 1077 to 1307. The sultans of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm were descended from Arslan Isra'il, son of the warlord Seljuk. The Seljuk Empire was founded by Chaghri and Tughril, sons of Arslan's brother Mikail ibn Seljuk.

• Suleiman I, son of Qutalmish, 1077–1086
• Abu'l Qasim (self-declared, Nicaea), appointed by Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, 1084 (Not a member of House of Seljuk)
• Kilij Arslan I, son of Suleiman ibn Kutalmish, 1092–1109
• Malik Shah, son of Kilij Arslan, 1109–1116
• Mesud I, son of Kilij Arslan, 1116–1156
• Kilij Arslan II, son of Mesud I, 1156–1192
• Kaykhusraw I, son of Kilij Arslan II, 1192–1197
• Suleiman II, son of Kilij Arslan II, 1197–1204
• Kilij Arslan III, son of Suleiman II, 1204–1205
• Kaykhusraw I (second rule), 1205–1211
• Kaykaus I, son of Kaykhusraw I, 1211–1220
• Kayqubad I, son of Kaykhusraw I, 1220–1237
• Kaykhusraw II, son of Kayqubad I, 1237–1246
• Kaykaus II, son of Kaykhusraw II (sole rule) 1246–1248
• Kaykaus II (joint rule), 1248–1259 (with Kilij Arslan IV, 1248–1259, with Kayqubad II, 1249–1257)
• Kilij Arslan IV, son of Kaykhusraw II (joint rule), 1248–1259 (with Kaykaus II, 1248–1259, with Kayqubad II, 1249–1257)
• Kayqubad II, son of Kaykhusraw II (joint rule), 1249–1257 (with Kaykaus II and Kilij Arslan IV)
• Kilij Arslan IV (sole rule), 1259–1265
• Kaykhusraw III, son of Kilij Arslan IV, 1265–1282
• Mesud II, son of Kaykaus II, 1282–1284
• Kayqubad III, son of Faramurz (son of Kaykaus II), 1284
• Mesud II (second rule), 1284–1293
• Kayqubad III (second rule), 1293–1294
• Mesud II (third rule), 1294–1301
• Kayqubad III (third rule), 1301–1303
• Mesud II (fourth rule), 1303–1307
• Mesud III (1307-1308)
• Kilij Arslan V ( Claimant Sultan 1308-1318)

The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum dissolved into many Anatolian Beyliks, one of them being the future Ottoman Empire in 1307.