Samos Island in the context of Pythagorean theorem

The Battle of Mycale was one of the two major battles (the other being the Battle of Plataea) that ended the second Persian invasion of Greece during the Greco-Persian Wars. It took place on 27 or 28 August, 479 BC on the slopes of Mount Mycale, which is located on the coast of Ionia opposite the island of Samos. The battle was fought between an alliance of Greek city-states, including Sparta, Athens and Corinth; and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I.

The previous year, the Persian invasion force, led by Xerxes himself, had scored victories at the battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium, and conquered Thessaly, Boeotia and Attica; however, at the ensuing Battle of Salamis, the Greek navy had won an unlikely victory, and therefore prevented the conquest of the Peloponnese. Xerxes then retreated, leaving his general Mardonius with a substantial army to finish off the Greeks the following year.

The Tunnel of Eupalinos or Eupalinian aqueduct (Greek: Ευπαλίνιον όρυγμα, romanized: Efpalinion orygma) is a tunnel of 1,036 m (3,399 ft) length running through Mount Kastro in Samos, Greece, built in the 6th century BC to serve as an aqueduct. The tunnel is the second known tunnel in history which was excavated from both ends (Ancient Greek: ἀμφίστομον, romanized: amphistomon, "having two openings"), and the first with a geometry-based approach in doing so. Today it is a popular tourist attraction. The tunnel is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List along with the nearby Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos, and it was designated as an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 2017.

Mycale (/ˈmɪkəli/) also Mykale and Mykali (Ancient Greek: Μυκάλη, Mykálē), called Samsun Dağı and Dilek Dağı (Dilek Peninsula) in modern Turkey, is a mountain on the west coast of central Anatolia in Turkey, north of the mouth of the Maeander and divided from the Greek island of Samos by the 1.6 km wide Mycale Strait. The mountain forms a ridge, terminating in what was known anciently as the Trogilium promontory (Ancient Greek Τρωγίλιον or Τρωγύλιον). There are several beaches on the north shore ranging from sand to pebbles. The south flank is mainly escarpment.

In classical Greece nearly the entire ridge was a promontory enclosed by the Aegean Sea. Geopolitically it was part of Ionia with Priene placed on the coast on the south flank of the mountain and Miletus on the coast opposite to the south across the deep embayment into which the Maeander River drained. Somewhat further north was Ephesus.

The Samian War (440–439 BC) was an Ancient Greek military conflict between Athens and Samos. The war was initiated by Athens's intervention in a dispute between Samos and Miletus. When the Samians refused to break off their attacks on Miletus as ordered, the Athenians easily drove out the oligarchic government of Samos and installed a garrison in the city, but the oligarchs soon returned, with Persian support.

A larger Athenian fleet was dispatched to suppress this agitation. This fleet initially defeated the Samians and blockaded the city, but Pericles, in command, was then forced to lead a substantial portion of the fleet away upon learning that the Persian fleet was approaching from the south. Although the Persians turned back before the two fleets met, the absence of most of the Athenian fleet allowed the Samians to drive off the remaining blockaders and, for two weeks, control the sea around their island; upon Pericles's return, however, the Athenians again blockaded and besieged Samos; the city surrendered nine months later. Under the terms of the surrender, the Samians tore down their walls, gave up hostages, surrendered their fleet, and agreed to pay Athens a war indemnity over the next 26 years.

Duris of Samos (or Douris) (Ancient Greek: Δοῦρις ὁ Σάμιος; c. 350 BC – after 281 BC) was a Greek historian and was at some period tyrant of Samos. Duris was the author of a narrative history of events in Greece and especially Macedonia from 371 BC to 281 BC, which has been lost. Other works included a life of Agathocles of Syracuse and a number of treatises on literary and artistic subjects.

In Greek mythology, Hippasus or Hippasos (Ancient Greek: Ἴππασος) is the name of fourteen characters.

• Hippasus, son of King Eurytus of Oechalia and one of the hunters of the Calydonian Boar.
• Hippasus from the Pellene district of the Peloponnese, father of Actor, Iphitus, Asterion, Amphion, and Naubolus. The latter four are otherwise ascribed different parentage.
• Hippasus, a Centaur. Killed by Theseus at the wedding of Pirithous and Hippodamia.
• Hippasus, a Trojan prince as one of the sons of Priam.
• Hippasus, a Thessalian killed by Agenor in the Trojan War.
• Hippasus, son of King Ceyx of Trachis and possibly, Alcyone, daughter of Aeolus, and thus, brother to Hylas, favorite of Heracles and Themistonoe, wife of Cycnus. Hippasus was killed in battle whilst fighting alongside Heracles against King Eurytus of Oechalia.
• Hippasus, son of Leucippe, one of the Minyades. He was killed by his mother and her sisters.
• Hippasus from Phlius opposed his fellow citizens, who wished to accede to the wishes of the Dorian Rhegnidas and make him their king. He and his fellow supporters fled to Samos. Hippasus is the ancestor of the philosopher Pythagoras, Pythagoras being the son of Mnesarchus, the son of Euphranor, the son of Hippasus.
• Hippasus, name shared by fathers of several heroes of the Trojan War:
  • of Hippomedon by the nymph Ocyrrhoe
  • of Charops and Socus
  • of Agelaus the Milesian
  • of Coeranus the Lycian
  • of Hypsenor
  • of Demoleon the Lacedaemonian
  • of Apisaon the Paeonian
  • of two nameless - only known by the patronymic Hippasides – charioteers:
    • the charioteer of Pammon (the son of Priam)
    • a Greek charioteer killed by Deiphobus.

In Greek mythology, Perileos (/pəˈrɪliɒs/; Ancient Greek: Περίλεως) or Perilaus (/ˌpɛrɪˈleɪəs/; Περίλᾱος) is a name that may refer to:

• Perileos, is the Spartan son of Icarius and the naiad Periboea, he was the brother of Penelope, Thoas, Damasippus, Imeusimus, Aletes and probably Iphthime. In one account, he was called Perilaos and his mother was named Asterodia, daughter of Eurypylus; and brother of Amasichus, Phalereus, Thoon, Pheremmelias, Penelope and Laodamia (also called Mede or Hypsipyle - the alternate names of Iphthime).
• Perileos accused Orestes of the murder of his cousin Clytemnestra.
• Perileos, son of Ancaeus of Samos and Samia, daughter of the river god Maeander. His siblings were Enoudus, Samus, Alitherses and Parthenope (mother of Lycomedes by Apollo).
• Perileos, a defender of Troy killed by Neoptolemus.
• Perilaus, alleged inventor of the brazen bull.