Russian State in the context of Provisional All-Russian Government

The White Terror (Russian: Белый террор, romanized: Belyy terror) in the former Russian Empire refers to violence and mass killings carried out by the White movement and its governments of Russia during the Russian Civil War (1917–1923). Individual acts against Bolshevik rule, such as assassinations, commenced at least by the end of 1917. Violence on any sizable scale on the part of the Whites arguably began in early 1918, continuing until the defeat of the Whites at the hands of the Red Army from 1920 to 1922. Unlike in the case of the Red Terror, there was no formal decree which kickstarted the White Terror. The White Terror was most acute in the Far East, under warlords such as Grigory Semyonov and Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg.

Though the Bolsheviks' Red Terror officially began on September 5, 1918 in response to several planned assassinations of Bolshevik leaders, incidents of violence carried out by Bolsheviks and their supporters had been ongoing since the October Revolution. According to some Russian historians, the White Terror was a series of premeditated actions directed by their leaders; this view is contested by Russian historians who view it as spontaneous and disorganized. According to some historians, the White Terror evolved from a disorganized policy to a system of political repression sanctioned by the Russian State and its system of military dictatorship which targeted not only the Bolsheviks, but members of other parties and other people as well. Some historians believe the antisemitic pogroms carried out by the Whites to be a part of the White Terror.

The Russian Army (Russian: Русская армия, romanized: Russkaya armiya) was the armed forces of the White movement, united on an all-Russian scale in 1919 under the sole formal command of Alexander Kolchak, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of all the armed forces of the Russian State.
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The Ukrainian State (Ukrainian: Українська Держава, romanized: Ukrainska Derzhava), sometimes also called the Second Hetmanate (Ukrainian: Другий Гетьманат, romanized: Druhyi Hetmanat), was an anti-Bolshevik government that existed on most of the modern territory of Ukraine (except for Western Ukraine) from 29 April to 14 December 1918.

It was installed by German military authorities after the socialist-leaning Central Council of the Ukrainian People's Republic was dispersed on 29th April 1918. The Ukrainian State was governed by Pavlo Skoropadskyi, the hetman of all Ukraine, who outlawed all socialist-oriented political parties, creating an anti-Bolshevik front with the Russian State. It collapsed in December 1918, when Skoropadskyi was deposed and the Ukrainian People's Republic returned to power in the form of the Directorate.