Provinces of the Ottoman Empire in the context of "Sanjak-bey"

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⭐ Core Definition: Provinces of the Ottoman Empire

The administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire were administrative divisions of the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire. Outside this system were various types of vassal and tributary states.

The Ottoman Empire was first subdivided into provinces, in the sense of fixed territorial units with governors appointed by the sultan, in the late 14th century. The beylerbey, or governor, of each province was appointed by the central government. Sanjaks (banners) were governed by sanjak-beys, selected from the high military ranks by the central government. Beylerbeyis had authority over all the sancakbeyis in a region. Kaza was a subdivision of sancak and referred to the basic administrative district, governed by a kadi.

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Provinces of the Ottoman Empire in the context of Liwa (Arabic)

Liwa (Arabic: لواء, liwā’, "ensign" or "banner") has developed various meanings in Arabic:

  • a banner, in all senses (flag, advertising banner, election publicity banner, etc.)
  • a district; see also: banner (administrative division)
  • a level of military unit with its own ensign, now used as the equivalent to brigade
  • an officer commanding a number of liwa units, now equivalent to a major general

In Turkish, liva (لواء, livâ) was used interchangeably with sanjak to describe the secondary administrative divisions into which the provinces of the Ottoman Empire were divided. After the fall of the empire, the term was used in the Arab countries formerly under Ottoman rule. It was gradually replaced by other terms like qadaa and mintaqa and is now defunct. It is only used occasionally in Syria to refer to the Hatay Province, ceded by the French mandate of Syria to Turkey in 1939, when it was Liwa’ Iskenderun.

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