Provinces of Saudi Arabia in the context of ʽAsir Province

The Eastern Province (Arabic: المنطقة الشرقية‎, romanized: al-Mintaqah ash-Sharqīyah), also known as the Eastern Region, is a province in Saudi Arabia. It is the nation's largest province by area and the third most populous after Riyadh and Mecca provinces. As of 2022, the population is 5,125,254. Its name reflects its location in the eastern part of the country.

More than a third of the population is concentrated in the Dammam metropolitan area. With an estimated population of 1.53 million as of 2022, Dammam, the seat of the province, is the fourth most populous city in the kingdom. Other populous cities in the province include Qatif, Hofuf, Hafar al-Batin, Jubail and Khobar. The region is extremely popular among tourists for its beaches on the Persian Gulf (also known as the Arabian Gulf) and proximity to the other countries of the eastern Arab world, such as the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Bahrain, with the latter being linked to the province via the 25 km (15 mi) long King Fahd Causeway. The Province also shares a border with Oman, Yemen, Kuwait and Iraq. The province is bordered to the west, from north to south, by the provinces of the Northern Borders, Hail, Al-Qassim, Riyadh and Najran.

Najd is a historical region of the Arabian Peninsula that includes most of the central region of Saudi Arabia. It is roughly bounded by the Hejaz region to the west, the Nafud desert in al-Jawf to the north, ad-Dahna Desert in al-Ahsa to the east, and Rub' al-Khali to the south, although its exact boundaries cannot be determined due to varying geographical and political limits throughout history.

Administratively, Najd is divided into three main regions: the Riyadh region which features Wadi Hanifa and the Tuwaiq escarpment, which houses easterly Yamama with the Saudi capital, Riyadh since 1824, and the Sudairi region, which has its capital in Majmaah. The second region, Al-Qassim, houses the fertile oases and date palm orchards spread out in the region's highlands along Wadi Rummah in central Najd with its capital in Buraidah, the second largest Najdi city, with the region historically contested by the House of Rashid to its north and the House of Saud to its east and south. The third administrative unit is northerly Ḥa'il, which features the mountains of Jabal Shammar housing the Tayy capital of Ḥa'il.

Medina Province also known as Medina Region, officially spelled as Madinah. (Arabic: منطقة المدينة المنورة‎, romanized: Minṭaqat al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah) is a province of Saudi Arabia in the Hejaz region along the Red Sea coast. It has an area of 151,990 km (94,440 mi) and a population of 2,389,452 (2022 Census)

The provincial seat is Medina, the second-holiest city in Islam. Other cities in the province include Yanbu and Badr. The province also contains Hegra, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Mecca Province (Arabic: مِنْطَقَة مَكَّة, romanized: Minṭaqat Makka, Arabic pronunciation: [ˈmin.tˤa.qat ˈmak.ka]), officially Makkah Province, is one of the 13 provinces of Saudi Arabia. It is the third-largest province by area at 153,128 km (59,123 sq mi) and the second most populous with 7,769,994 inhabitants as of 2022. It is located in the historic Hejaz region, and has an extended coastline on the Red Sea. Its capital is Mecca, the holiest city in Islam, and its largest city is Jeddah, which is Saudi Arabia's main port city. The province accounts for 26.29% of the population of Saudi Arabia and is named after the Islamic holy city of Mecca.

Historically, the area was inhabited by the Quraysh, the Banu Kinanah and the Thaqif, among other tribes. Part of the Hejaz region, the province has seen several exchanges of power between many Islamic realms within a short period of time. The province gains its significance as it contains the city of Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad, and several other historic Islamic sites, such as the village of Hudaybiyyah, where the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah is said to have been agreed upon. More recently, the province was modernized under the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia after the oil boom.Most of the population is concentrated in three cities: Jeddah, Mecca and Taif. Jeddah is the largest city in the province and the second-largest in Saudi Arabia with an estimated population of 2,867,446 as of 2020. Mecca is the second-largest city in the province and third-largest in the kingdom at 1,323,624. After the city of Ta'if at third place, Rabigh, Shafa, Turbah and Jumum are other populous cities and towns in the region. The region receives Muslim pilgrims of the Umrah and the Hajj around the year and its population increases by up to 2 million during the Hajj. It has approximately 700 kilometres (430 mi) of coastline on the Red Sea and hosts oil refineries in Rabigh, port and oil export facilities in Jeddah, the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology and the King Abdullah Economic City. The province also hosts part of the Haramain High Speed Railway line, which is Saudi Arabia's first and only high-speed railway line.

The Riyadh Province (Arabic: منطقة الرياض Manṭiqat ar-Riyāḍ) is a province of Saudi Arabia, located in the geographic center of the country and the center of the Arabian Peninsula. It has an area of 404,240 km (156,080 sq mi) and with a 2022 population of 8,591,748, it is the second-largest region by area, behind the Eastern Province and the largest by population. The capital governorate of the province is the Riyadh Governorate and it is named after the capital of the kingdom, Riyadh, which is the most populous city in the region and the kingdom, with a little less than two-thirds of the population of the region residing within the city. The province was governed for nearly five decades by Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz from 1963 to 2011 shortly before he became the Crown Prince in 2012. Currently, it is governed by Prince Faisal bin Bandar.

Other populous cities in the region include Al Ghat, Dawadmi, Afif, Zulfi and Majma'ah. Approximately half of the region's area is desert, and it only borders other regions of the kingdom; it has no international borders. The region borders, clockwise from the north, the Eastern Province, Najran Province, ʽAsir Province, Mecca Province, Medina Province and the Al-Qassim Province. It is one of the seven regions of the kingdom that do not have a coastline.

The Northern Borders Province, also known as the Northern Borders Region (Arabic: منطقة الحدود الشمالية‎, romanized: Minṭaqat al-Ḥudūd ash-Shamāliyya) is a province in Saudi Arabia, situated in the northern region, bordering Iraq to the north and northwest, and Jordan to the west.

Hail Province (Arabic: منطقة حائل, Ḥāʾil), also known as Hail Region, is a province in Saudi Arabia, located in the north-central part of the country in the Najd region. It is named after its seat, Hail City, and is known for the twin mountain ranges of Aja and Salma, as well as for being the homeland of the historic symbol of generosity and curiosity, Hatim al-Tai.

The Qassim Province (Arabic: منطقة القصيم Minṭaqat al-Qaṣīm [alqɑˈsˤiːm], Najdi Arabic: [elgəˈsˤiːm]), also known as the Qassim Region, is one of the 13 provinces of Saudi Arabia. Located at the heart of the country near the geographic center of the Arabian Peninsula, it has a population of 1,336,179 and an area of 58,046 km. It is considered one of the breadbaskets of the country due to its agricultural tradition and resources.

Al-Qassim has the lowest share of population living below local poverty line in Saudi Arabia. It is the seventh most populated region in the country after Jizan and the fifth most densely populated. It has more than 400 cities, towns, villages, and Bedouin settlements, ten of which are recognized as governorates. Its capital city is Buraydah, which is inhabited by approximately 50% of the region's total population. The governor of the province from 1992 to 29 January 2015 was Prince Faisal bin Bandar, succeeded by Prince Faisal bin Mishaal.

Najran (Arabic: نجران Najrān) is a Southern province of Saudi Arabia. It has an area of 149,511 km². Its capital is Najran.

Najran is inhabited by the Yam tribe. A significant percentage of the province's inhabitants are Shia Ismaili. The current governor of the region is Prince Jiluwi bin Abdulaziz Al Saud.