Pronunciamiento in the context of Kingdom of Spain (1810-1873)

Spain in the 19th century was a country in turmoil. Occupied by Napoleon from 1808 to 1814, a massively destructive "liberation war" ensued. Following the Spanish Constitution of 1812, Spain was divided between the constitution's liberal principles and the absolutism personified by the rule of Ferdinand VII, who repealed the 1812 Constitution for the first time in 1814, only to be forced to swear over the constitution again in 1820 after a liberal pronunciamiento, giving way to the brief Trienio Liberal (1820–1823). This brief period came to an abrupt end with Ferdinand again abolishing the 1812 constitution and the start of the Ominous Decade (1823–1833) of absolutist rule for the last ten years of his reign.

Economic transformations throughout the century included the privatisation of communal municipal lands—not interrupted but actually intensified and legitimised during the Fernandine absolutist restorations —as well as the confiscation of Church properties. The early century saw the loss of the bulk of the Spanish colonies in the New World in the 1810s and 1820s, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico.

The Cry of Dolores (Spanish: Grito de Dolores) occurred in Dolores, Mexico, on 16 September 1810, when Roman Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rang his church bell and gave the call to arms that triggered the Mexican War of Independence. The Cry of Dolores is most commonly known by the locals as El Grito de Independencia (The Independence Cry).

In Mexican history, a plan was a declaration of principles announced in conjunction with a rebellion, usually armed, against the central government of the country (or, in the case of a regional rebellion, against the state government). Mexican plans were often more formal than the pronunciamientos that were their equivalent elsewhere in Spanish America and Spain. Some were as detailed as the United States Declaration of Independence. Some plans simply announced that the current government was null and void and that the signer of the plan was the new president.

A total of more than one hundred plans were declared. One compendium, Planes políticos, proclamas, manifiestos y otros documentos de la Independencia al México moderno, 1812–1940, compiled by Román Iglesias González (Mexico City: UNAM, 1998), contains the full texts of 105 plans. About a dozen of these are widely considered to be of great importance in discussions of Mexican history.

The Goudi coup (Greek: κίνημα στο Γουδί, romanized: kinima sto Goudi) was a military coup d'état by a group of military officers that took place on the night of 28 August [O.S. 15 August] 1909, at the barracks in Goudi, located on the eastern outskirts of Athens, Greece. The coup was pivotal in modern Greek history, ending the old political system and ushering in a new period for Greece.

The coup occurred under simmering tensions in Greek society, which reeled under the effects of a lack of necessary reforms and financial troubles that had been exacerbated by the defeat in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. Emulating the Young Turks, several junior army officers founded a secret society, the Military League. With Colonel Nikolaos Zorbas as their figurehead, on the night of 15 August, the Military League, having gathered together its troops in the Goudi barracks, issued a pronunciamiento to the government, demanding an immediate turnaround for the country and its armed forces.

José María Torrijos y Uriarte (20 March 1791 – 11 December 1831), Count of Torrijos, a title granted posthumously by the Queen regent of Spain, also known as General Torrijos, was a Spanish Liberal soldier. He fought in the Spanish War of Independence, and after the restoration of absolutism by Ferdinand VII in 1814 he participated in the 1817 pronunciamiento of John Van Halen that sought to restore the Constitution of 1812, for which he spent two years in prison until he was released after the triumph of the Riego uprising in 1820. He returned to fight the French when the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis invaded Spain to restore the absolute power of Ferdinand VII, and when they triumphed, ending the Trienio Liberal, he was exiled to England. There he prepared and led an expedition, landing on the coast of Málaga from Gibraltar on 2 December 1831, with sixty men accompanying him. However, they fell into the trap that had been laid for them by the absolutist authorities and were arrested. Nine days later, on 11 December, Torrijos and 48 of his fellow survivors were shot without trial on the beach of San Andres de Málaga, an event immortalised by a sonnet by José de Espronceda entitled To the death of Torrijos and his Companions, by Enrique Gil y Carrasco [es]'s A la memoria del General Torrijos, and by a well-known 1888 painting by Antonio Gisbert. "This tragic end to his life explains why he has gone down in history, quite rightly, as a great symbol of the struggle against despotism and tyranny, with the epic nobility and serenity characteristic of the romantic hero, immortalised in the famous painting [by Gisbert]." The city of Málaga erected a monument to Torrijos and his companions in the Plaza de la Merced, next to the birthplace of the painter Pablo Picasso. Beneath the monument to Torrijos in the middle of the square are the tombs of 48 of the 49 men shot; one of them, British, was buried in the English cemetery (Málaga).