Perchloric acid in the context of "Nitric acid"

Acid strength is the tendency of an acid, symbolised by the chemical formula HA, to dissociate into a proton, H, and an anion, A. The dissociation or ionization of a strong acid in solution is effectively complete, except in its most concentrated solutions.

Examples of strong acids are hydrochloric acid (HCl), perchloric acid (HClO₄), nitric acid (HNO₃) and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄).

A fume hood (sometimes called a fume cupboard or fume closet, not to be confused with extractor hood) is a type of local exhaust ventilation device that is designed to prevent users from being exposed to hazardous fumes, vapors, and dusts. The device is an enclosure with a movable sash window on one side that traps and exhausts gases and particulates either out of the area (through a duct) or back into the room (through air filtration), and is most frequently used in laboratory settings.

The first fume hoods, constructed from wood and glass, were developed in the early 1900s as a measure to protect individuals from harmful gaseous reaction by-products. Later developments in the 1970s and 80s allowed for the construction of more efficient devices out of epoxy powder-coated steel and flame-retardant plastic laminates. Contemporary fume hoods are built to various standards to meet the needs of different laboratory practices. They may be built to different sizes, with some demonstration models small enough to be moved between locations on an island and bigger "walk-in" designs that can enclose large equipment. They may also be constructed to allow for the safe handling and ventilation of perchloric acid and radionuclides and may be equipped with scrubber systems. Fume hoods of all types require regular maintenance to ensure the safety of users.

Dichlorine hexoxide is the chemical compound with the molecular formula Cl₂O₆ or O₂Cl−O−ClO₃, which is correct for its gaseous state. However, in liquid or solid form, this chlorine oxide ionizes into the dark red ionic compound chloryl perchlorate or dioxochloronium(V) perchlorate [ClO₂][ClO₄], which may be thought of as the mixed anhydride of chloric and perchloric acids. This compound is a notable perchlorating agent.

An oxidizing acid is a Brønsted acid that is a strong oxidizing agent. Most Brønsted acids can act as oxidizing agents, because the acidic proton can be reduced to hydrogen gas. Some acids contain other structures that act as stronger oxidizing agents than hydrogen ions.These acids contain highly electronegative atoms (like oxygen or halogens) that can accept electrons. Generally, they contain oxygen in their anionic structure. Oxidizing acids include nitric acid, perchloric acid, chloric acid, chromic acid, and concentrated sulfuric acid, nitrosyl chloride OR NOCl is also strong oxidizer , etc.

Gold(III) oxide (Au₂O₃) is an inorganic compound of gold and oxygen with the formula Au₂O₃. It is a red-brown solid that decomposes at 298 °C.

According to X-ray crystallography, Au₂O₃ features square planar gold centers with both 2- and 3-coordinated oxides. The four Au-O bond distances range from 193 to 207 picometers. The crystals can be prepared by heating amorphous hydrated gold(III) oxide with perchloric acid and an alkali metal perchlorate in a sealed quartz tube at a temperature of around 250 °C and a pressure of around 30 MPa.

A perchlorate is a chemical compound used mainly in making rocket fuel and fireworks, as well as some other industrial uses. In many countries it is used to treat hyperthyroidism, but (mainly because of its effect on the thyroid gland), it's an environmental toxin which endangers human health when it contaminates food and water.

Perchlorates contain the perchlorate ion, ClO−4, the conjugate base of perchloric acid (ionic perchlorate). As counterions, there can be metal cations, quaternary ammonium cations or other ions, for example, nitronium cation (NO+2).