Mayon in the context of Tuff cone

The year 1816 is known as the Year Without a Summer because of severe climate abnormalities that caused average global temperatures to decrease by 0.4–0.7 °C (0.7–1 °F). Summer temperatures in Europe that year were the coldest of any on record between 1766 and 2000, resulting in crop failures and major food shortages across the Northern Hemisphere.

Evidence suggests that the anomaly was predominantly a volcanic winter event caused by the massive 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in April in modern-day Indonesia (commonly referred to as the Dutch East Indies at the time). This eruption was the largest in at least 1,300 years (after the hypothesized eruption causing the volcanic winter of 536); its effect on the climate may have been exacerbated by the 1814 eruption of Mayon in the Philippines. The significant amount of volcanic ash and gases released into the atmosphere blocked sunlight, leading to global cooling.

Volcanic cones are among the simplest volcanic landforms. They are built by ejecta from a volcanic vent, piling up around the vent in the shape of a cone with a central crater. Volcanic cones are of different types, depending upon the nature and size of the fragments ejected during the eruption. Types of volcanic cones include stratocones, spatter cones, tuff cones, and cinder cones.

A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current or a pyroclastic cloud) is a fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter (collectively known as tephra) that flows along the ground away from a volcano at average speeds of 100 km/h (30 m/s; 60 mph; 90 ft/s) but is capable of reaching speeds up to 700 km/h (190 m/s; 430 mph; 640 ft/s). The gases and tephra can reach temperatures of about 1,000 °C (1,800 °F).

Pyroclastic flows are the deadliest of all volcanic hazards and are produced as a result of certain explosive eruptions; they normally touch the ground and hurtle downhill or spread laterally under gravity. Their speed depends upon the density of the current, the volcanic output rate, and the gradient of the slope.

Legazpi (Tagalog: [lɛˈɡaspɪ], Latin American Spanish: [leˈɣaspi] , European Spanish: [leˈɣaθpi] ), or the City of Legazpi (Central Bikol: Syudad nin Legazpi; Tagalog: Lungsod ng Legazpi), is a component city and capital of the province of Albay, Philippines. It occupies 161.6 km on the western shore of Albay Gulf, approximately 560 km by road southeast of Manila, serving as the principal gateway to the Bicol Region. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 210,616 people.

Legazpi is the administrative, economic, and transport hub of the Bicol Region (Region V). Located south of Mayon Volcano, an active stratovolcano known for its nearly symmetrical conical shape that is visible across the city, Legazpi serves as the base for regional volcano monitoring and hazard management operations. The city is served by air, land, and sea transport infrastructure, including Bicol International Airport in neighboring Daraga, the national highway network, Philippine National Railways, and ports along Albay Gulf. It also functions as the region's center for tourism, education, health care, and commerce.