Legio X Gemina ("10th Twin(s) Legion" in English), was a Roman legion, which was active during the late Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire as part of the Imperial Roman army. It was one of the four legions used by Julius Caesar in 58 BC, during the Roman invasion of Gaul. After being briefly disbanded, the legion was reconstituted by Augustus (also known as Octavian) and fought on the side of the Second Triumvirate during the Liberators' Civil War and later on the side of Augustus during the War of Actium which ended the Crisis of the Roman Republic. The legion remained active for centuries, with surviving records of its continued existence in Vienna as late as the 5th century AD. The legion's symbol was a bull. Early on in its history, the legion was called X Equestris (mounted), because Caesar once used the legionaries as cavalry.
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Legio X Gemina in the context of Emerita Augusta
Augusta Emerita, also called Emerita Augusta, was a Roman colonia founded in 25 BC in present day Mérida, Spain. The city was founded by Roman Emperor Augustus to resettle Emeriti soldiers from the veteran legions of the Cantabrian Wars, these being Legio V Alaudae, Legio X Gemina, and possibly Legio XX Valeria Victrix. The city, one of the largest in Hispania, was the capital of the Roman province of Lusitania, controlling an area of over 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi). It had three aqueducts and two fora.
The city was situated at the junction of several important routes. It sat near a crossing of the Guadiana river. Roman roads connected the city west to Felicitas Julia Olisippo (Lisbon), south to Hispalis (Seville), northwest to the gold mining area, and to Corduba (Córdoba) and Toletum (Toledo).
Legio X Gemina in the context of Primus pilus
The primus pilus (lit. "first maniple of triarii") or primipilus was the senior centurion of the first cohort in a Roman legion, a formation of five double-strength centuries of 160 men each; he was a career soldier and advisor to the legate. The primus pilus would remain in command for one year. They could continue to serve in the army after their term ended if there was a vacancy in command or if they wished to become an independent commander of an auxilia unit or the praefectus castrorum.
During the Roman Empire, the emperor Claudius created the office of primus pilus iterum. To become the primus pilus iterum an officer must have formerly served as a tribune in the vigiles, cohortes urbanae, or Praetorian Guard. The primus pilus iterum would hold the responsibility of a praefectus castrorum but with higher pay.
Legio X Gemina in the context of Astorga, Spain
Astorga (Spanish: [asˈtoɾɣa] , Estorga in the Leonese dialect of Maragatería) is a municipality and city in Spain, located in the Province of León, within the autonomous community of Castile and León. Situated at the transition between the Páramo Leonés and the Montes de León, it serves as a central hub for the regions of Maragatería, La Cepeda, and the Ribera del Órbigo. The city is the seat of one of Spain's oldest and most extensive dioceses, with jurisdiction over half of the province of León and parts of the provinces of Ourense and Zamora. It is also the head of the judicial district number 5 of the province of León.
Founded as a Roman military camp for the Legio X Gemina in the late 1st century BC, it soon transitioned into a civilian settlement known as Asturica Augusta and became the capital of the Conventus Asturum. It developed as a key communication hub in northwestern Iberia and enjoyed prosperity during the first two centuries of the Common Era due to gold mining, earning the description vrbs magnifica from Pliny the Elder. By the mid-3rd century, it likely became an episcopal see, with Basílides as its first bishop. Following the barbarian invasions, it was part of the Kingdom of the Suebi and was captured by Muslim forces under Tariq in 714, though it was reconquered by the Asturian monarchy later that century. In the late 10th century, it faced repeated Muslim assaults led by Almanzor.