John, Duke of Berry in the context of "Philip the Bold"

Among the people who have borne Carolingian Counts the title of Count of Poitiers (French: Comte de Poitiers, Latin: Comes Pictaviensis; or Poitou, in what is now France but in the Middle Ages became part of Aquitaine) are:

• Bodilon
• Warinus (638–677), son of Bodilon
• Hatton (735–778)
• Bernard I [fr] (814–828)
• Renaud (795–843)
• Bernard II (840–844)
• Emenon or Emeno (828 – 839), brother of Bernard II
• Ranulph I (839–866)
• Ranulph II (866–890), son of Ranulph I
• William I, Duke of Aquitaine
• William II, Duke of Aquitaine
• Ebalus (or Ebles Manzer) (890–892) (illegitimate son of Ranulph II) (first reign– 890–893) (second reign– 902–935)
• Aymar (892–902) (son of Emenon)
• Ebalus (or Ebles Manzer) (restored) (902–935)
• William III (935–963)
• William IV (963–995)
• William V (969–1030)
• William VI (1030–1038)
• Odo (Eudes) (1038–1039)
• William VII (1039–1058)
• William VI (1058–1086)
• William VII (1071–1126)
• William VIII (1099–1137)
• Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine
  • Louis VII of France (1137–1152) obtained title through marriage to Eleanor
  • Henry II of England (1152, 1156–1189) obtained title through marriage to Eleanor
• William, styled Count of Poitiers (1153–1156) son of Eleanor and Henry II of England
• Richard I (1169–1196) son of Eleanor and Henry II of England
• Otto (1196–1198)
• Richard I again (1198–1199)
• Richard II (1224) younger brother of Henry III of England
• Alphonse I (1220–1271) son of Louis VIII of France
• Philip I (1293–1322)
• John I (1319–1364)
• John II (1340–1416) son of John I
• John III (1398–1417) son of Charles VI of France
• Charles (1403–1461)
• Francis (r. 1695–1715)

In Christian theology, the Harrowing of Hell (Latin: Descensus Christi ad Inferos; Greek: Ἡ εἰς ᾍδου κάθοδος τοῦ Χριστοῦ – "the descent of Christ into Hell" or "Hades") is the period of time between the Crucifixion of Jesus and his resurrection. In triumphant descent, Christ brought salvation to the souls held captive there since the beginning of the world.

Christ's descent into the world of the dead is referred to in the Apostles' Creed and the Athanasian Creed (Quicumque vult), which state that he "descended into the underworld" (descendit ad inferos), although neither mention that he liberated the dead. His descent to the underworld is alluded to in the New Testament in 1 Peter 4:6, which states that the "good tidings were proclaimed to the dead". The Catechism of the Catholic Church notes Ephesians 4:9, which states that "[Christ] descended into the lower parts of the earth", as also supporting this interpretation. These passages in the New Testament have given rise to differing interpretations. The Harrowing of Hell is commemorated in the liturgical calendar on Holy Saturday.

The Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (French pronunciation: [tʁɛ ʁiʃz‿œʁ dy dyk də beʁi]; English: The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry), or Très Riches Heures, is an illuminated manuscript that was created between c. 1412 and 1416. It is a book of hours, which is a Christian devotional book and a collection of prayers said at canonical hours. The manuscript was created for John, Duke of Berry, the brother of King Charles V of France, by Limbourg brothers Paul, Johan and Herman. The book is now MS 65 in the Musée Condé, Chantilly, France.

Consisting of a total of 206 leaves of very fine quality parchment, 30 cm (12 in) in height by 21.5 cm (8+1⁄2 in) in width, the manuscript contains 66 large miniatures and 65 small. The design of the book, which is long and complex, has undergone many changes and reversals. Many artists contributed to its miniatures, calligraphy, initials, and marginal decorations, but determining their precise number and identity remains a matter of debate. Painted largely by artists from the Low Countries, often using rare and costly pigments and gold, and with an unusually large number of illustrations, the book is one of the most lavish late medieval illuminated manuscripts. The work was created in the late artistic phase of the International Gothic style.

The medieval household was, like modern households, the center of family life for all classes of European society. Yet in contrast to the household of today, it consisted of many more individuals than the nuclear family. From the household of the king to the humblest peasant dwelling, more or less distant relatives and varying numbers of servants and dependents would cohabit with the master of the house and his immediate family. The structure of the medieval household was largely dissolved by the advent of privacy in early modern Europe.

Variations were immense over an entire continent and a time span of about 1,000 years. However, it is still possible to speak of a classical model of the medieval household, particularly as it evolved in Carolingian France and from there spread over great parts of Europe.

Charles VI (3 December 1368 – 21 October 1422), nicknamed the Beloved (French: le Bien-Aimé) and in the 19th century, the Mad (French: le Fol or le Fou), was King of France from 1380 until his death in 1422. He is known for his mental illness and psychotic episodes that plagued him throughout his life.

Charles ascended the throne at age 11, his father Charles V leaving behind a favorable military situation, marked by the reconquest of most of the English possessions in France. Charles VI was placed under the regency of his uncles: Philip II, Duke of Burgundy; Louis I, Duke of Anjou; John, Duke of Berry; and Louis II, Duke of Bourbon. He decided in 1388, aged 20, to emancipate himself. In 1392, while leading a military expedition against the Duchy of Brittany, the king had his first attack of delirium, during which he attacked his own men in the forest of Le Mans. A few months later, following the Bal des Ardents (January 1393) where he narrowly escaped death from burning, Charles was again placed under the regency of his uncles, the Dukes of Berry and Burgundy.

The Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry is an illuminated book of hours commissioned by John, Duke of Berry between 1375 and 1385–90. It is known for its ornate miniature leaves and border decorations.

Several artists were employed in the production. It was completed in two separate stages, each with a distinctive style. The earlier leaves were painted by artists influenced by Jean Pucelle, the later by artists working in the vanguard of the International Gothic period of Gothic art. Because of this, the Petites Heures exemplifies the "rupture in style" that occurred in French illumination in the final two decades of the fourteenth century.

The Belleville Breviary (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS lat. 10484, 2 volumes) is an illuminated breviary. It was produced in Paris some time between 1323 and 1326 by the artist known as Jean Pucelle, probably for Jeanne de Belleville, the wife of Olivier IV de Clisson. The breviary is divided into two volumes of 446 and 430 folios. Volume 1 contains the prayers used during the summer, while volume 2 contains those used during the winter.

The manuscript was owned by Jeanne de Belleville. It was later owned by Charles V of France and his son Charles VI. Charles VI gave the manuscript to his son-in-law Richard II of England. Henry IV of England gave it to Jean, Duc de Berry. Jean gave it to his niece Marie, who was a nun at Poissy. It was purchased in 1454 by another nun at Poissy, Marie Jouvenal des Ursins.

Duke of Bourbon (French: Duc de Bourbon) is a title in the peerage of France. It was created in the first half of the 14th century for the eldest son of Robert of France, Count of Clermont, and Beatrice of Burgundy, heiress of the lordship of Bourbon. In 1416, with the death of John of Valois, the Dukes of Bourbon were simultaneously Dukes of Auvergne.

Although the senior line came to an end in 1527, the cadet branch of La Marche-Vendome would later succeed to the French throne as the Royal House of Bourbon, which would later spread out to other kingdoms and duchies in Europe. After this date, the title was given to several Princes of Condé and sons of the French Royal family.

Among the people who have borne Carolingian Counts the title of Count of Poitiers (French: Comte de Poitiers, Latin: Comes Pictaviensis; or Poitou, in what is now France but in the Middle Ages became part of Aquitaine) are:

• Bodilon
• Warinus (638–677), son of Bodilon
• Hatton (735–778)
• Bernard I (fr) (814–828)
• Renaud (795–843)
• Bernard II (840–844)
• Emenon or Emeno (828 – 839), brother of Bernard II
• Ranulph I (839–866)
• Ranulph II (866–890), son of Ranulph I
• William I, Duke of Aquitaine
• William II, Duke of Aquitaine
• Ebalus (or Ebles Manzer) (890–892) (illegitimate son of Ranulph II) (first reign– 890–893) (second reign– 902–935)
• Aymar (892–902) (son of Emenon)
• Ebalus (or Ebles Manzer) (restored) (902–935)
• William III (935–963)
• William IV (963–995)
• William V (969–1030)
• William VI (1030–1038)
• Odo (Eudes) (1038–1039)
• William VII (1039–1058)
• William VI (1058–1086)
• William VII (1071–1126)
• William VIII (1099–1137)
• Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine
  • Louis VII of France (1137–1152) obtained title through marriage to Eleanor
  • Henry II of England (1152, 1156–1189) obtained title through marriage to Eleanor
• William, styled Count of Poitiers (1153–1156) son of Eleanor and Henry II of England
• Richard I (1169–1196) son of Eleanor and Henry II of England
• Otto (1196–1198)
• Richard I again (1198–1199)
• Richard II (1224) younger brother of Henry III of England
• Alphonse I (1220–1271) son of Louis VIII of France
• Philip I (1293–1322)
• John I (1319–1364)
• John II (1340–1416) son of John I
• John III (1398–1417) son of Charles VI of France
• Charles (1403–1461)
• Francis (r. 1695–1715)