Italian Army in the context of Attack helicopter

Peacekeeping comprises activities intended to create conditions that favor lasting peace. Research generally finds that peacekeeping reduces civilian and battlefield deaths, as well as reduces the risk of renewed warfare.

Within the United Nations (UN) group of nation state governments and organizations, there is a general understanding that at the international level, peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas, and may assist ex-combatants in implementing peace agreement commitments that they have undertaken. Such assistance may come in many forms, including confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements, electoral support, strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social development. Accordingly, the UN peacekeepers (often referred to as Blue Berets or Blue Helmets because of their light blue berets or helmets) can include soldiers, police officers, and civilian personnel.

The American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) was a formation of the United States Armed Forces on the Western Front during World War I, composed mostly of units from the U.S. Army. The AEF was established on July 5, 1917, in Chaumont, France under the command of then-major general John J. Pershing. It fought alongside French Army, British Army, Canadian Army, British Indian Army, New Zealand Army and Australian Army units against the Imperial German Army. A small number of AEF troops also fought alongside Italian Army units in 1918 against the Austro-Hungarian Army. The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive (at the Battle of Château-Thierry and Battle of Belleau Wood) in the summer of 1918, and fought its major actions in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in the latter part of 1918.

The Royal Italian Army (Italian: Regio Esercito, lit. 'Royal Army', RE) was the land force of the Kingdom of Italy, established with the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy. During the 19th century Italy started to unify into one country, and in 1861 Manfredo Fanti signed a decree creating the Army of the Two Sicilies. This newly created army's first task was to defend its territorial gains against Legitimists in southern Italy, who remained loyal to Francis II of the Two Sicilies. The Army of the Two Sicilies also waged what many modern historians now consider a civil war against outlaws and Bourbonist guerrillas, such as the famous Michelina Di Cesare, and against other Italian states' armies during the continuing wars of unification. After the monarchy ended in 1946, the army changed its name to become the modern Italian Army (Esercito Italiano).

Within the Royal Italian Army were the elite mountain military corporals, the Alpini. The Alpini, which remain in existence today, are the oldest active mountain infantry in the world. Their original mission was to protect and secure Italy's northern mountain border that aligns with France and Austria. This group emerged in World War I when a three-year campaign was fought against the Austro-Hungarian Kaiserjäger and the German Alpenkorps. In World War II, the Alpini fought alongside Axis forces in the Eastern Front as well as the Balkans campaign.

A paratrooper or military parachutist is a soldier trained to conduct military operations by parachuting directly into an area of operations, usually as part of a large airborne forces unit. Traditionally paratroopers fight only as light infantry armed with small arms and light weapons, although some paratroopers can also function as artillerymen or mechanized infantry by utilizing field guns, infantry fighting vehicles and light tanks that are often used in surprise attacks to seize strategic positions behind enemy lines such as airfields, bridges and major roads.

The Italian Armed Forces (Italian: Forze armate italiane, pronounced [ˈfɔrtse arˈmaːte itaˈljaːne]) encompass the Italian Army, the Italian Navy and the Italian Air Force. A fourth branch of the armed forces, known as the Carabinieri, take on the role as the nation's military police and are also involved in missions and operations abroad as a combat force. Despite not being a branch of the armed forces, the Guardia di Finanza and Polizia di Stato is organized along military lines.

These five forces comprise a total of 340,885 men and women with the official status of active military personnel, of which 167,057 are in the Army, Navy and Air Force. The President of Italy heads the armed forces as the President of the High Council of Defence established by article 87 of the Constitution of Italy. According to article 78, the Parliament has the authority to declare a state of war and vest the powers to lead the war in the Government.

The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (Arabic: قوة الأمم المتحدة المؤقتة في لبنان; Hebrew: כוח האו"ם הזמני בלבנון), or UNIFIL (Arabic: يونيفيل; Hebrew: יוניפי״ל) is a United Nations peacekeeping mission established on 19 March 1978 by United Nations Security Council Resolutions 425 and 426, and several further resolutions in 2006 to confirm Hezbollah demilitarisation, support Lebanese army operations against insurgents and weapon smuggling, and confirming Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, in order to ensure that the government of Lebanon would restore its effective authority in the area. The 1978 South Lebanon conflict came in the context of Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon and the Lebanese Civil War.

The mandate had to be adjusted due to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and after the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000. Following the 2006 Lebanon War, the United Nations Security Council enhanced UNIFIL and added additional tasks to the mandate such as aiding displaced persons.

The Italian invasion of Libya occurred in 1911, when Italian troops invaded the Ottoman province of Libya (then part of the Ottoman Empire) and started the Italo-Turkish War. As result, Italian Tripolitania and Italian Cyrenaica were established, later unified to form the colony of Italian Libya.

Bolzano, also known as Bozen (see Names), is the capital city of South Tyrol, officially the Province of Bolzano/Bozen, in northern Italy. The city has a population of 108245. Bolzano is the largest city in South Tyrol and the third-largest in historical Tyrol. The greater metro area has about 250,000 inhabitants and is one of the urban centres within the Alps.

Bolzano is the seat of the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, where lectures and seminars are held in Italian, German, and English. The city is also home to the Italian Army's Alpini High Command (COMALP) and some of its combat and support units. In the 2020 version of the annual ranking of quality of life in Italian cities, Bolzano was ranked jointly first for quality of life alongside Bologna.

The Italian order of precedence is fixed by Decree of the President of the Council of Ministers (D.P.C.M.) of April 14, 2006 and of April 16, 2008. It is a hierarchy of officials in the Italian Republic used to direct protocol. The President, being head of state, is first, and the Prime Minister (President of the Council of Ministers), the head of government, is fourth.

1. The President of the Republic (Sergio Mattarella)
2. (Cardinals and princes of reigning dynasties - these officers cannot preside over the ceremony)
3. The President of the Senate of the Republic (Ignazio La Russa)
4. The President of the Chamber of Deputies (Lorenzo Fontana)
5. The President of the Council of Ministers (Prime-Minister) (Giorgia Meloni)
6. The President of the Constitutional Court (Giovanni Amoroso)
7. Former President of the Republic (None living)
8. Vice Presidents of the Senate of the Republic
   1. Anna Rossomando
   2. Gian Marco Centinaio
   3. Maria Domenica Castellone
   4. Licia Ronzulli
9. Vice Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies
   1. Sergio Costa
   2. Fabio Rampelli
   3. Giorgio Mulé
   4. Anna Ascani
10. Vice Presidents of the Council of Ministers
    1. Antonio Tajani
    2. Matteo Salvini
11. Vice Presidents of the Constitutional Court
    1. Franco Modugno
    2. Giulio Prosperetti
12. Ministers of the Republic
13. Judges of the Constitutional Court
14. Presidents of Regions
15. The First President of the Supreme Court of Cassation (Margherita Cassano)
16. The President of the National Council for Economics and Labour (Renato Brunetta)
17. Deputy Ministers of the Republic
18. Quaestors of the Senate and Chamber of Deputies, in order of seniority
19. Presidents of Parliamentary Commissions
20. The President of the Council of State (Luigi Maruotti)
21. The President of the Court of Accounts (Guido Carlino)
22. The Governor of the Central Bank of Italy (Fabio Panetta)
23. The General Prosecutor of the Supreme Court of Cassation (Luigi Salvato)
24. The Attorney General of the Republic (Gabriella Palmieri Sandulli)
25. The Chief of the Defence Staff
26. Senators and Deputies, in order of appointment
27. The President of the Accademia dei Lincei (Roberto Antonelli)
28. The President of the National Research Council (Maria Chiara Carrozza)
29. The President of the Superior Court of Public Waters
30. The Vice President of the Council of Military Courts
31. The Vice President of the High Council of the Judiciary
32. The Presidents of the Autonomous Provinces of Trentino and South Tyrol
33. The Deputy President of the Supreme Court of Cassation
34. Prefects, in their provinces
35. Mayors, in their cities
36. Presidents and General Prosecutors of the Court of Appeals
37. Presidents of Provinces, in their cities
38. Catholic Bishops, in their dioceses
39. The Chief of the Army Staff (Amm. Giuseppe Cavo Dragone)
40. The Chief of the Navy Staff (Amm. Sq. Enrico Credendino)
41. The Chief of the Air Staff (Gen. S.A. Luca Goretti)
42. The President of the Permanent conference of Rectors (Dr. Giovanna Iannantuoni, PhD)
43. Ambassadors, in order of establishment of diplomatic relations with their countries

The Alpini are the Italian Army's specialist mountain infantry. Part of the army's infantry corps, the speciality distinguished itself in combat during World War I and World War II. Currently the active Alpini units are organized in two operational brigades, which are subordinate to the Alpine Troops Headquarters. The Alpini's name comes from their inceptive association with the Alps, the mountain range that Italy shares with France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia. An individual soldier of the Alpini is called an Alpino.

Established in 1872, the Alpini are the oldest active mountain infantry in the world. Their original mission was to protect Italy's border with France and Austria-Hungary. In 1888 the Alpini deployed on their first mission abroad, in Africa, a continent to which they returned on several occasions and during various wars of the Kingdom of Italy. During World War I they fought a three-year campaign on the Alps against Austro-Hungarian Kaiserjäger and the German Alpenkorps in what has since become known as the "War in snow and ice". During World War II, the Alpini fought alongside the Axis forces primarily in the Balkans Campaigns and on the Eastern Front.

The Panzerhaubitze 2000 (German pronunciation: [ˈpant͡sɐhaʊ̯ˌbɪt͡sə t͡svaɪ̯ˈtaʊ̯zn̩t]), meaning "armoured howitzer 2000" and abbreviated PzH 2000, is a German 155 mm self-propelled howitzer developed by KNDS Deutschland (formerly Krauss-Maffei Wegmann (KMW)) and Rheinmetall in the 1980s and 1990s for the German Army. The PzH 2000 has automatic support for up to five rounds of multiple round simultaneous impact. Replenishment of shells is automated. Two operators can load 60 shells and propelling charges in less than 12 minutes. The PzH 2000 equips the armies of Germany, Italy, Ukraine, Netherlands, Greece, Lithuania, Hungary, Qatar, and Croatia, mostly replacing older systems such as the M109 howitzer.

In November 2019, a PzH 2000 L52 gun fired a shell a distance of almost 67 km (42 mi). Rheinmetall started testing a prototype L52 gun barrel with a new charge for a range of at least 75 km (47 mi) since 2020. In May 2024, Rheinmetall announced that it would supply "a three-digit number" of L52 gun barrel systems for the Panzerhaubitze 2000 for "a European customer country".

A Farewell to Arms is a novel by American writer Ernest Hemingway, set during the Italian campaign of World War I. First published in 1929, it is a first-person account of an American, Frederic Henry, serving as a lieutenant (Italian: tenente) in the ambulance corps of the Italian Army. The novel describes a love affair between the American expatriate and an English nurse, Catherine Barkley.

Its publication ensured Hemingway's place as a modern American writer of considerable stature. The book became his first best-seller and has been called "the premier American war novel from [...] World War I". The title might be taken from a 16th‑century poem of the same name by the English dramatist George Peele.

Bolzano, also known as Bozen (see § Names), is the capital city of South Tyrol, officially the Province of Bolzano/Bozen, in northern Italy. The city has a population of 108245. Bolzano is the largest city in South Tyrol and the third-largest in historical Tyrol. The greater metro area has about 250,000 inhabitants and is one of the urban centres within the Alps.

Bolzano is the seat of the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, where lectures and seminars are held in Italian, German, and English. The city is also home to the Italian Army's Alpini High Command (COMALP) and some of its combat and support units. In the 2020 version of the annual ranking of quality of life in Italian cities, Bolzano was ranked jointly first for quality of life alongside Bologna.