Heinrich Heine in the context of "Robert Schumann"

Johann Joachim Winckelmann (US: /ˈvɪŋkəlmɑːn/ VINK-əl-mahn; German: [ˈjoːhan ˈjoːaxɪm ˈvɪŋkl̩man]; 9 December 1717 – 8 June 1768) was a German art historian and archaeologist. He was a pioneering Hellenist who first articulated the differences between Greek, Greco-Roman and Roman art. "The prophet and founding hero of modern archaeology", Winckelmann was one of the founders of scientific archaeology and first applied the categories of style on a large, systematic basis to the history of art. Many consider him the father of the discipline of art history. He was one of the first to separate Greek Art into periods, and time classifications.

He had a decisive influence on the rise of the Neoclassical movement during the late 18th century. His writings influenced not only a new science of archaeology and art history but Western painting, sculpture, literature and even philosophy. Winckelmann's History of Ancient Art (1764) was one of the first books written in German to become a classic of European literature. His subsequent influence on Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Johann Gottfried Herder, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Hölderlin, Heinrich Heine, Friedrich Nietzsche, Stefan George and Oswald Spengler has been provocatively called "the Tyranny of Greece over Germany".

German literature (German: Deutschsprachige Literatur) comprises those literary texts written in the German language. This includes literature written in Germany, Austria, the German parts of Switzerland and Belgium, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, South Tyrol in Italy and to a lesser extent works of the German diaspora. German literature of the modern period is mostly in Standard German, but there are some currents of literature influenced to a greater or lesser degree by dialects (e.g. Alemannic).

Medieval German literature is literature written in Germany, stretching from the Carolingian dynasty; various dates have been given for the end of the German literary Middle Ages, the Reformation (1517) being the last possible cut-off point. The Old High German period is reckoned to run until about the mid-11th century; the most famous works are the Hildebrandslied and a heroic epic known as the Heliand. Middle High German starts in the 12th century; the key works include The Ring (c. 1410) and the poems of Oswald von Wolkenstein and Johannes von Tepl. The Baroque period (1600 to 1720) was one of the most fertile times in German literature. Modern literature in German begins with the authors of the Enlightenment (such as Herder). The Sensibility movement of the 1750s–1770s ended with Goethe's best-selling The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774). The Sturm und Drang and Weimar Classicism movements were led by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller. German Romanticism was the dominant movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Der fliegende Holländer (The Flying Dutchman), WWV 63, is a German-language opera, with libretto and music by Richard Wagner. The central theme is redemption through love. Wagner conducted the premiere at the Königliches Hoftheater Dresden in 1843.

Wagner claimed in his 1870 autobiography Mein Leben that he had been inspired to write the opera following a stormy sea crossing he made from Riga to London in July and August 1839. In his 1843 Autobiographic Sketch, Wagner acknowledged he had taken the story from Heinrich Heine's retelling of the legend in his 1833 satirical novel The Memoirs of Mister von Schnabelewopski (Aus den Memoiren des Herrn von Schnabelewopski).

Lisztomania or Liszt fever was the intense fan frenzy directed toward Hungarian composer Franz Liszt during his performances. This frenzy first occurred in Berlin in 1841 and the term was later coined by Heinrich Heine in a feuilleton he wrote on 25 April 1844, discussing the 1844 Parisian concert season. Lisztomania was characterized by intense levels of hysteria demonstrated by fans, akin to the treatment of some celebrity musicians starting in the second half of the 20th century – but in a time not known for such musical excitement.

The following is an incomplete list of the compositions of Alban Berg:

• Jugendlieder (1), composed 1901–4, voice and piano, published 1985

1. "Herbstgefühl" (Siegfried Fleischer)
2. "Spielleute" (Henrik Ibsen)
3. "Wo der Goldregen steht" (F. Lorenz)
4. "Lied der Schiffermädels" (Otto Julius Bierbaum)
5. "Sehnsucht" I (Paul Hohenberg)
6. "Abschied" (Elimar von Monsterberg-Muenckenau)
7. "Grenzen der Menschheit" (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)
8. "Vielgeliebte schöne Frau" (Heinrich Heine)
9. "Sehnsucht" II (Paul Hohenberg)
10. "Sternefall" (Karl Wilhelm)
11. "Sehnsucht" III (Paul Hohenberg)
12. "Ich liebe dich!" (Christian Dietrich Grabbe)
13. "Ferne Lieder" (Friedrich Rückert)
14. "Ich will die Fluren meiden" (Friedrich Rückert)
15. "Geliebte Schöne" (Heinrich Heine)
16. "Schattenleben" (Martin Greif)
17. "Am Abend" (Emanuel Geibel)
18. "Vorüber!" (Franz Wisbacher)
19. "Schummerlose Nächte" (Martin Greif)
20. "Es wandelt, was wir schauen (Joseph von Eichendorff)
21. "Liebe (Rainer Maria Rilke)
22. "Im Morgengrauen (Karl Stieler)
23. "Grabschrift (Ludwig Jakobowski)

• Jugendlieder (2), composed 1904–8, voice and piano, published 1985

1. "Traum" (Frida Semler)
2. "Augenblicke" (Robert Hamerling)
3. "Die Näherin" (Rainer Maria Rilke)
4. "Erster Verlust" (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)
5. "Süss sind mir die Schollen des Tales" (Karl Ernst Knodt)
6. "Er klagt das der Frühling so kortz blüht" (Arno Holz)
7. "Tiefe Sehnsucht" (Detlev von Liliencron)
8. "Über den Bergen" (Karl Busse)
9. "Am Strande" (Georg Scherer)
10. "Winter" (Johannes Schlaf)
11. "Fraue, du Süsse" (Ludwig Finckh)
12. "Verlassen" (Bohemian folksong)
13. "Regen" (Johannes Schlaf)
14. "Traurigkeit" (Peter Altenberg)
15. "Hoffnung" (Peter Altenberg)
16. "Flötenspielerin" (Peter Altenberg)
17. "Spaziergang" (Alfred Mombert)
18. "Eure Weisheit" (Johann Georg Fischer)
19. "So regnet es sich langsam ein" (Cäsar Flaischlein)
20. "Mignon" (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)
21. "Die Sorglichen" (Gustav Falke)
22. "Das stille Königreich" (Karl Busse)
23. "An Leukon" (Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim)

• Seven Early Songs, voice and piano, composed 1905–8, revised and orchestrated 1928

1. "Nacht" (Carl Hauptmann)
2. "Schilflied" (Nikolaus Lenau)
3. "Die Nachtigall" (Theodor Storm)
4. "Traumgekrönt" (Rainer Maria Rilke)
5. "Im Zimmer" (Johannes Schlaf)
6. "Liebesode" (Otto Erich Hartleben)
7. "Sommertage" (Paul Hohenberg)

• Schliesse mir die Augen beide (Theodor Storm), voice and piano, composed 1907, published in 1930 & 1955
• An Leukon (Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim), voice and piano, composed 1908; published in 1937 & 1963 (Reich) & 1985 (UE) (2 versions exist: in G minor [1907]; in E minor [1908])
• Frühe Klaviermusik, published 1989
• Zwölf Variationen über ein eigenes Thema in C, piano, composed Nov. 8, 1908; published in 1957 & 1985
• Symphony and Passacaglia, fragment, composed 1913
• Piano Sonata, Op. 1, composed 1907–8, published April 24, 1911
• Vier Lieder, Op. 2, voice and piano, composed 1909–10, published 1910

1. "Schlafen, schlafen" (Friedrich Hebbel)
2. "Schlafend trägt man mich" (Alfred Mombert)
3. "Nun ich der Riesen Stärksten" (Alfred Mombert)
4. "Warm die Lüfte" (Alfred Mombert)

• String Quartet, Op. 3, composed 1910, published 1920
• Fünf Orchesterlieder nach Ansichtkartentexten von Peter Altenberg, Op. 4, soprano and orchestra, 1912 (Altenberg Lieder)

1. "Seele, wie bist du schöner"
2. "Sahst du nach dem Gewitterregen"
3. "Über die Grenzen des All"
4. "Nichts ist gekommen"
5. "Hier ist Friede"

• Vier Stücke, Op. 5, clarinet and piano, composed 1913, published 1920

• Three Pieces for Orchestra (Drei Orchesterstücke), Op. 6, composed 1914–15

• Wozzeck, Op. 7, composed 1914–22
• Drei Bruchstücke aus ‘Wozzeck’, soprano and orchestra
• Kammerkonzert, piano, violin, and 13 winds, composed 1923–5
• Adagio, violin, clarinet and piano, arranged 1926 (arrangement of Kammerkonzert mvmt. 2)
• Schliesse mir die Augen beide (Theodor Storm), voice and piano, composed 1925
• Lyric Suite, string quartet, composed 1925–6
• Drei Sätze aus der Lyrischen Suite, arranged for string orchestra, 1928
• "Der Wein" (Charles Baudelaire), concert aria, soprano and orchestra, composed 1929
• Four-part Canon Alban Berg an das Frankfurter Opernhaus, composed 1930
• Lulu, composed 1929–35, orchestration of Act 3 completed by Friedrich Cerha
• Symphonische Stücke aus der Oper ‘Lulu’ (Lulu-Suite), soprano and orchestra, premièred under Kleiber in 1934
• Violin Concerto, composed 1935
• Vocal scores
  • Franz Schreker: Der ferne Klang (1911)
  • Arnold Schoenberg: Gurre-Lieder (1912)
  • Arnold Schoenberg: Litanei and Entrückung from String Quartet no.2, 1912
• Arrangement for string quartet, piano, and harmonium
  • Johann Strauss II: Wein, Weib und Gesang, 1921

Karl Theodor Ferdinand Grün (German: [kaʁl ˈɡʁyːn]; 30 September 1817 – 18 February 1887), also known by his alias Ernst von der Haide, was a German journalist, philosopher, political theorist and socialist politician. He played a prominent role in radical political movements leading up to the Revolution of 1848 and participated in the revolution. He was an associate of Heinrich Heine, Ludwig Feuerbach, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Karl Marx, Mikhail Bakunin and other radical political figures of the era.

Although less widely known today, Grün was an important figure in the German Vormärz, Young Hegelian philosophy and the democratic and socialist movements in nineteenth-century Germany. As a target of Marx's criticism, Grün played a role in the development of early Marxism. Through his philosophical influence on Proudhon, he had a certain influence on the development of French socialist theory.

Apollon Nikolayevich Maykov (Russian: Аполло́н Никола́евич Ма́йков, 4 June [O.S. 23 May] 1821, Moscow – 20 March [O.S. 8 March] 1897, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian poet, best known for his lyric verse showcasing images of Russian villages, nature, and history. His love for ancient Greece and Rome, which he studied for much of his life, is also reflected in his works. Maykov spent four years translating the epic The Tale of Igor's Campaign (1870) into modern Russian. He translated the folklore of Belarus, Greece, Serbia and Spain, as well as works by Heine, Adam Mickiewicz and Goethe, among others. Several of Maykov's poems were set to music by Russian composers, among them Rimsky-Korsakov and Tchaikovsky.

Maykov was born into an artistic family and educated at home, by the writer Ivan Goncharov, among others. At the age of 15, he began writing his first poetry. After finishing his gymnasium course in just three years, he enrolled in Saint Petersburg University in 1837.

Young Germany (German: Junges Deutschland) was a group of German writers which existed from about 1830 to 1850. It was essentially a youth ideology, similar to those that had swept France, Ireland, the United States and Italy. Its main proponents were Karl Gutzkow, Heinrich Laube, Theodor Mundt and Ludolf Wienbarg. Heinrich Heine, Ludwig Börne and Georg Büchner were also considered part of the movement. The wider group included Willibald Alexis, Adolf Glassbrenner, Gustav Kühne, Max Waldau and Georg Herwegh. Other figures, such as Ferdinand Freiligrath were also associated with the movement.