Game Boy family in the context of "Video game crash of 1983"

The Game Boy is a handheld game console developed by Nintendo, launched in the Japanese home market on April 21, 1989, followed by North America later that year and other territories from 1990 onwards. Following the success of the Game & Watch single-game handhelds, Nintendo developed the Game Boy to be a portable console, with interchangeable cartridges. The concept proved highly successful, and the Game Boy line became a cultural icon of the 1990s and early 2000s.

The Game Boy was designed by the Nintendo Research & Development 1 team, led by Gunpei Yokoi and Satoru Okada. The device features a dot-matrix display, a D-pad, four game buttons, a single speaker, and uses Game Pak cartridges. Its two-toned gray design included black, blue, and magenta accents, with softly rounded corners and a distinctive curved bottom-right edge. At launch in Japan it was sold as a standalone console, but in North America and Europe it came bundled with the wildly popular Tetris which fueled sales.

The Nintendo DS is a foldable handheld game console produced by Nintendo, released worldwide between 2004 and 2005. The "DS" in the name is an initialism for "Developers' System" or "Dual Screen", reflecting the system’s most distinctive feature: two LCD screens working in tandem, with the lower screen functioning as a touchscreen. Both screens are housed in a clamshell design similar to that of the Game Boy Advance SP and some models of the Game & Watch series. The Nintendo DS supported wireless connectivity for local multiplayer over short distances, as well as online play through the now-defunct Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection service. During the seventh generation of video game consoles, its primary competitor was Sony's PlayStation Portable.

Prior to release, Nintendo marketed the DS as an experimental "third pillar" in its console lineup, intended to complement the Game Boy Advance family and the GameCube. However, backward compatibility with Game Boy Advance titles and strong sales led it to be widely regarded as the successor to the Game Boy line. On March 2, 2006, Nintendo released the Nintendo DS Lite, a slimmer and lighter redesign featuring brighter screens and improved battery life. The system was later followed by the Nintendo DSi, released on November 1, 2008, which introduced additional enhancements such as dual digital cameras and digital distribution of games, while removing backward compatibility with Game Boy Advance titles.

Game Boy Game Pak is the brand name of the ROM cartridges used to store video game data for the Game Boy family of handheld video game consoles, part of Nintendo's line of Game Pak cartridges. Early Game Boy games were limited to 32 kilobytes (KB) of read-only memory (ROM) storage due to the system's 8-bit architecture. Nintendo later incorporated a memory bank controller into cartridges to allow for more storage by switching between ROM banks. This change allowed Game Paks to reach 8 megabytes (MB) of storage, allowing for more complex games.

In addition to ROM, cartridges could also include random-access memory (RAM) chips that could be used for increased performance or to save game progress. A battery in the cartridge would keep the RAM powered when the Game Boy was off. Later cartridges could also include real-time clock functionality that could keep track of time even when the device was off or a Rumble Pak to add vibration feedback to enhance gameplay.