Directional derivative in the context of Differentiable function

In vector calculus, the gradient of a scalar-valued differentiable function ${\displaystyle f}$ of several variables is the vector field (or vector-valued function) ${\displaystyle \nabla f}$ whose value at a point ${\displaystyle p}$ gives the direction and the rate of fastest increase. The gradient transforms like a vector under change of basis of the space of variables of ${\displaystyle f}$. If the gradient of a function is non-zero at a point ${\displaystyle p}$, the direction of the gradient is the direction in which the function increases most quickly from ${\displaystyle p}$, and the magnitude of the gradient is the rate of increase in that direction, the greatest absolute directional derivative. Further, a point where the gradient is the zero vector is known as a stationary point. The gradient thus plays a fundamental role in optimization theory, where it is used to minimize a function by gradient descent. In coordinate-free terms, the gradient of a function ${\displaystyle f(\mathbf {r} )}$ may be defined by:

$${\displaystyle df=\nabla f\cdot d\mathbf {r} }$$

In geometry, the notion of a connection makes precise the idea of transporting local geometric objects, such as tangent vectors or tensors in the tangent space, along a curve or family of curves in a parallel and consistent manner. There are various kinds of connections in modern geometry, depending on what sort of data one wants to transport. For instance, an affine connection, the most elementary type of connection, gives a means for parallel transport of tangent vectors on a manifold from one point to another along a curve. An affine connection is typically given in the form of a covariant derivative, which gives a means for taking directional derivatives of vector fields, measuring the deviation of a vector field from being parallel in a given direction.

Connections are of central importance in modern geometry in large part because they allow a comparison between the local geometry at one point and the local geometry at another point. Differential geometry embraces several variations on the connection theme, which fall into two major groups: the infinitesimal and the local theory. The local theory concerns itself primarily with notions of parallel transport and holonomy. The infinitesimal theory concerns itself with the differentiation of geometric data. Thus a covariant derivative is a way of specifying a derivative of a vector field along another vector field on a manifold. A Cartan connection is a way of formulating some aspects of connection theory using differential forms and Lie groups. An Ehresmann connection is a connection in a fibre bundle or a principal bundle by specifying the allowed directions of motion of the field. A Koszul connection is a connection which defines directional derivative for sections of a vector bundle more general than the tangent bundle.